A pharaoh cuttlefish pretends to be a hermit crab, raising its front legs to look like eyestalks and appearing to walk on the bottom of the tank. Pharaoh cuttlefish often show a solid color when resting on a solid color background, alternating from a pale white to all dark brown. Similarly to other cuttlefish, pharaoh cuttlefish use these chromatophores for camouflage and other cryptic behaviors. When hunting at night, it swims up to shallower parts of the sea to feast on a variety of smaller fish, crabs, and occasionally other cuttlefish. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. The European cuttlefish, S. officinalis, and the Pharaoh cuttlefish, S. pharaonis, occupy broadly similar coastal habitats of shallow water and sea beds comprising mixes of sand and gravel, save for the inclusion of coral reefs in the tropical distribution of S. pharaonis. Medusae were more likely to bloom if the duration at relatively cool temperatures (10–16 °C) was prolonged in spring. See more ideas about sea creatures, ocean creatures, cuttlefish. Prey animals face great selective pressure from their predators, especially during the juvenile stage (Genovart et al., 2010; Mcgurk, 1986). Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)Type: Cephalopod Family: Sepiidae Habitat: Shallow reefs and marine channels. Cuttlefish species are shallow water dwelling benthic cephalopods. [2] It is also known as seiche pharaon. Collectively, while our results demonstrated that all strains, or both ribotypes, of M. polykrikoides are toxic, the results may also suggest the differences in toxicity to three test animals among the four cultures of M. polykrikoides reflect the inherent difference in toxicity between East Asian and American/Malaysian ribotypes, which stimulated us to propose a further investigation on whether or not the four different ribotypes also differ inherently in their toxicity in the future, via comparing more strains of all four ribotypes and relevant genetic characterizations. However, exposure to 10–16 °C and salinity 15–23 resulted in polyps with significantly enhanced ephyra production via a remarkable increase of average strobilation frequency and prolongation of the strobilation stage; additionally, the mortality of post-strobilated polyps and the decreased percentage of calyx diameter were notably low compared to the other groups. Flamboyant Cuttlefish: This species is well-named for the rather bright and exuberant pattern of colors on its mantle. They shoot jets of water to uncover their prey from the sand and grab them with their tentacles when they are trying to escape. The results showed that an early exposure to predatory cues in both species altered cuttlefish's hatching time and their postnatal primary defensive behaviors. This paper details the results of ray-based acoustic predictive models for two periods during the experiment chosen to compare contrasting diurnal productivity periods, together with inverted acoustic propagation waveguide features from the empirical experiment itself for these periods. Indo-Pacific. Innate defensive behaviors can protect animals early in life, but learned experience enhances animals' behavioral plasticity and their ability to adapt to a range of environments (Wiedenmayer, 2009). Video by Japan Ethological Society & Springer Japan. It is thought to have reached the Mediterranean Sea as a Lessepsian migrant via the Suez Canal after many of its cuttlebones were washed up on beaches in Israel in the early 2000s. YCL conceived, designed, carried out the work, and drafted the manuscript. We performed two experiments in a laboratory flume at two flow speeds (6 or 15 cm s−1). Fish activity level, opercular beat frequency, feces biomass, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index were used as toxicity proxies. Jordan Waller. Roper 2005. This work details the first research into the use of acoustics to measure productivity in macroalgal systems. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Mimik-Oktopus, flammenden Sepias und Blauring-Oktopus. Habitat: Cuttlefish lives in the shallows of the coral reefs. Mar 21, 2018 - Explore Ginny Coleman's board "Cuttlefish" on Pinterest. [15] Depending on the richness of the environment around them, juvenile cuttlefish have exhibited a clear response to color changing and cryptic behavior early on when in sandy loose ocean floors with surrounding objects. Cuttlefish lack parental care and juveniles face a high predatory risk immediately after hatching. The cuttlefish's flat body allows it to live and hover near the ocean bottom where it finds its… Invasie van rugschilden van, "Effect of pharaoh's cuttlefish ink against bacterial pathogens", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharaoh_cuttlefish&oldid=991275992, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 05:58. Habitat: It is native to the Indian Ocean. In its undisturbed state this species is quite easily identified by the lines on the body. [6] It is thought to have reached the Mediterranean Sea as a Lessepsian migrant via the Suez Canal after many of its cuttlebones were washed up on beaches in Israel in the early 2000s. Flow speed also influenced worms' behavior, with worms preferentially suspension feeding at the faster flow. In this particular dive site and Mabul Island, Malaysia in particular, there are lots of artificial reefs where lots of marine life has taken to as nurseries. Host selection experiment in aquaria showed that Z. soror is able to recognize and distinguish the host species with which they were associated in the sea (C. novaeguineae or A. planci) among other sea stars including species recorded as possible hosts (L. laevigata, A. planci, and C. novaeguineae). The pharaoh cuttlefish in particular has been witnessed exhibiting an arm flapping behavior where their first pair of arms are raised and wrinkled at the distal end (away from the body), with the second and third arm pairs bent and flapped at the distal ends as well. And, in the Qing Dynasty manual of Chinese gastronomy, the Suiyuan shidan, the roe of the cuttlefish is considered a difficult to prepare but sought-after delicacy. This phenomenon is known as environmentally cued hatching (ECH) (Warkentin, 2011). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs. Watch these pharaoh cuttlefish change their appearance and behavior to mimic hermit crabs. The pharaoh cuttlefish is native to at least the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. To investigate the potential use of underwater acoustics in monitoring productivity of macroalgal habitats an experiment was run over two weeks during the Austral summer in February 2012 in Canoe Bay, Tasmania. During the strobilation, the polyp population in situ would decline after releasing massive number of ephyrae. They can live in a variety of environments such as the rough open oceans and in calmer waters. All of the different species live in tropical or temperate waters. When hunting at night, it swims up to shallower parts of the sea to feast on a variety of smaller fish, crabs, and occasionally other cuttlefish. ASD, LD, and CCC helped plan the experiments, helped with the interpretation of the data, and revised the manuscript. This was the first detailed observation of the complete reproductive behavior, including sperm competition, egg-laying in captivity and embryonic development, of the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Pharaoh cuttlefish are cephalopods related to cuttlefish, squid, octopus and chambered nautilus. Peter Scoones/ npl / Pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), Andaman Sea, Thailand / 00410190 Data are available upon request to the corresponding author. Pharaoh cuttlefish often show a solid color when resting on a solid color background, alternating from a pale white to all dark brown. They have been found in portions of the Baltic Sea, the coast of Britain and France, and as far south as South Africa. Strobilation of N. nomurai occurred in all treatments. Notwithstanding the above, both the. These results indicate that seasonal warming was a trigger for N. nomurai strobilation. With a transparent capsule, we predict that visual predatory cues may be more relevant for pharaoh cuttlefish hatchlings, whereas olfactory cues may be more relevant for European common cuttlefish hatchlings that have developed inside a dark egg. Most octopuses spend the majority of their time living on the ocean floor. Worms exposed to chlorpyrifos reduced feeding relative to unexposed worms, but only in the absence of predatory fish. [17], It is a commonly fished species of cuttlefish in the Philippines, as well as the most economically important cuttlefish in the northern Indian Ocean. Pharaoh cuttlefish are cephalopods related to cuttlefish, squid, octopus and chambered nautilus. Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg 1831. Purpose of this Study . Pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, is one of important fishery resources in southeastern Asia. An outer shell once covered the cuttlefish's body, but has since … [5] Of all the cuttlefish species in the Persian Gulf, it is the most commonly caught. To test this hypothesis, we investigated pattern of host use, host recognition behavior and its specificity in an obligate generalist symbiont, pontoniine shrimp Zenopontonia soror. Fish fed with brine shrimps exposed to low and intermediate concentrations of P. lima showed a great inter-individual variation in activity level and particularly in opercular beat frequency, wherein the initial condition factor of exposed individuals appeared to have broadly mediated these fish responses. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T162504A904257.en, Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda, "Stock assessment of the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis", "Migration and spawning behavior of the pharaoh cuttlefish, "Behaviour of Juvenile Cephalopods: Preference for Texture and Brightness of Substrata", "Cuttlefish Husbandry: Part IV - How do cuttlefish reproduce? In oviparous species, ECH may result in early hatching, a delayed hatching, or synchronous hatching (Doody, 2011). However, it is not known whether the embryonic experience of predatory cues impacts their postnatal defensive behaviors. The Pharaoh Cuttlefish is found in the Mediterranean, Indo-West Pacific region growing up to 33cm in length. A recent study supports this hypothesis by showing that cuttlefish embryos can recognize predatory visual and chemical signals innately, and they can also learn to associate predatory sensory cues embryonically (Mezrai et al., 2019a). In our first experiment, the presence of actively feeding F. parvipinnis reduced the time P. cornuta spent feeding by half relative to when fish were absent. Compared to vertebrates, the effect of experiencing predatory cues as an embryo on postnatal behaviors in invertebrates is less well understood. Eggs of S. pharaonis were collected from the coastal waters of Okinawajima Island in April and May 2013 and were transported to the Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Sciences at the University of the Ryukyus. [10], Pharaoh cuttlefish reproduce similarly to most other cuttlefish. Temperate marine systems are dominated by rocky reef macroalgal habitats, and there is now evidence that some seaweed communities are retreating in a manner consistent with climate change. Cuttlefish eggs (Sepia pharaonis with transparent capsule and Sepia officinalis with black capsule) were separated into seven groups: one control group and six cue-exposure groups. They have eight short arms and two long tentacles that are usually tucked neatly into their arms. Jun 30, 2019 - 805 Likes, 14 Comments - Rich Carey (@richcareyzim) on Instagram: “Pharaoh Cuttlefish at Richelieu Rock, Thailand #cuttlefish #fish #love #octopus #coral #coralreef…” See more ideas about Cuttlefish, Sea creatures, Marine life. starfish: photos of Cephalopods (sepias, squids, octopus) , photos of mimic octopus, flamboyant cuttlefish and other rare animals - u.a. Marine Animal Behavior 2019. It was previously shown that, as a rule, the wider the range of hosts the less specific is the symbiont's recognition reaction. They have eight short arms and two long tentacles that are usually tucked neatly into their arms. The presence of P. lima all year round in benthic marine systems highlights a possible chronic exposure of fish to OA and fish will likely become more susceptible to predation in natural environments, facilitating, therefore, toxin transfer through marine trophic webs. Experimental results demonstrated that the symbiont-host relationship is based on host chemical and visual cues, however, symbionts' reaction to visual cues and their ability to recognize objects visually was low. Acoustics has the potential to detect oxygen in gaseous form, hence it can measure primary production that is unseen by methods that use dissolved oxygen to estimate productivity. Habitat The pharaoh cuttlefish is native to at least the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. However, changes in diurnal cycles of oxygen production were not seen in the empirical acoustic data during the experimental period, indicating that it is unlikely that there was a significant level of oxygen in gaseous form in the canopy layer. Here we examined the toxicity of four strains of M. polykrikoides including MPJZB-C3 and MPJZB-D6 (East Asian ribotype, from China), CP1 (American/Malaysian ribotype, from USA), and MPCoKK23 (American/Malaysian ribotype, from Malaysia), to three aquatic animals including the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis, L-type), and brine shrimp (Artemia salina). [8] They show an even distribution in October and February. Thus, it is likely that cuttlefish are able to perceive and learn from predator information while they are still embryos. I found this large specimen sand-dwelling during a night dive. Since cuttlefish eggs are readily available, easy to maintain, and lack parental care, they provide an opportunity to examine the effect of embryonic experience with predatory cues on the postnatal behavior of these animals. By Hannah Lang. The cuttlefish's flat body allows it to live and hover near the ocean bottom where it finds its favorite food. et al. [14] These sacs of color are controlled by rings of muscle around the sac. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether the embryonic experiences of these two species of cuttlefish with respect to predators has an effect on their postnatal defensive behaviors. In this way, cuttlefish are able to alter their food preference based on their embryonic visual experience (Darmaillacq et al., 2006; Darmaillacq et al., 2008), and can even distinguish various different morphological types of crabs before they hatch (Guibé et al., 2012). They use their camouflaging abilities to hunt down their prey. The toxicity of low and intermediate P. lima concentrations to the ringneck blenny Parablennius pilicornis was evaluated through short-term food chain transfer experiments using brine shrimps as primary grazers of toxic cells and, subsequently, as fish prey. Large males compete in combat until a victor is decided, although it is often decided without any initiation of physical combat. The tentacles are deployed to catch prey. Physical enrichment allows the cuttlefish to better explore and learn its surroundings in order to correctly display the coloring and camouflage needed for survival. However, the periods of exposure were similar for the two experiments (12 days in Experiment 1, 10 days in Experiment 2), due to the water temperature differences (the pharaoh cuttlefish live in warmer waters and the European common cuttlefish live in colder waters). We have no competing interests to declare. Sep 20, 2019 - Explore Jordannut's board "Flamboyant Cuttlefish" on Pinterest. The eggs of the pharaoh cuttlefish S. pharaonis were spawned by wild-caught females in February 2017. All cuttlefishes have a chalky white internal shell known as a cuttlebone, which is filled with gas and used for buoyancy control. Squid and cuttlefish may not get as many Hollywood roles as their eight-armed relatives, but they’re equally as interesting. To assess the embryonic exposure effect on hatching time, the eggs of S. pharaonis were exposed to different levels of predation risk. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Habitat of the Cuttlefish. Embryos in the cue-exposure groups were exposed to either one of three types of predatory cues (visual, chemical, and both) or one of three similar types of non-predatory cues. Okadaic acid (OA) and other compounds produced by benthic Prorocentrum species are associated with acute and lethal fish responses, but its sublethal effects are barely known. Both squid and cuttlefish are part of class Cephalopoda, which is a type of mollusk that also includes octopus and nautilus. However, exposure to hyposalinity could relieve this case and ensure sustainable development of post-strobilated polyp population better, which was a momentous advantage of estuaries as the habitats for N. nomurai over other regions. Range. 1 Minute Read. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151288. [11] Females undergo a series of phases when laying their eggs, beginning with a temporary posture where their arms are held in a fist-like position. Of all the cuttlefish species in the Persian Gulf, it is the most commonly caught. The combined results demonstrate that the close proximity of actively feeding fish has a consistently greater effect on the feeding behavior of an infaunal polychaete than does sub-lethal exposure to a toxicant or variation in water flow. Species recognized by EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1 and EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1. The cuttlefish expands and contracts these muscle rings in order to show different colors. overview; data; media; articles; maps; names; Scientific Names. Thus, if embryonic experience with predators improves hatchlings' defensive behaviors, it should increase their survival rate. This mollusk likes to feed on small shrimp that have just hatched, crabs, and other fish. Cuttlefish were reared in rectangular tanks [90-L volume (400-mm length, 600-mm width, 400-mm height)]. Common Name: Pygmy or P haraoh Cuttlefish; Found: Kin bay, Okinawa; Habitat: Sand bottom @ night; Depth: 35feet Size: 17mm; More than likely this pygmy cuttlefish is Sepiella inermis. [1], The type specimen was collected in the Gulf of Suez and is deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. While the cell-free culture media (by filtration) and sonicated cultures were less toxic to test animals than the live cultures for all M. polykrikoides strains, sonicated cultures were even less toxic than the cell-free culture media. The male then guards the female until she lays the fertilized eggs a few hours later. Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida.. ADAM SHOHET, ROLAND BADDELEY, JOHN ANDERSON and DANIEL OSORIO . Spawning habitat of aquatic species is crucial for successful seed production. The aquarium system is composed of three glass tanks (181x60x30 cm3) stacked together, with the upper two levels as the rearing tanks and the bottom one as the filter. With levels of dissolved oxygen in kelp environments regularly reaching supersaturation, it is possible – even likely – that ecologically significant proportions of production have been neglected by traditional methods. Preferred Names. [8], The Pharaoh cuttlefish prefer a medium to high amount of sunlight for den location during the day. Coral Reefs. We are grateful to Drs. Previous studies have shown that the sensory systems of the European common cuttlefish S. officinalis are fully developed during its late embryonic stage, which can help embryos perceive information from their environment (Romagny et al., 2012). Increased opercular beat frequencies were recorded in fish from the treatment with the highest P. lima concentration provided to brine shrimps, contrasting with rather variable and low opercular beat frequencies from the control. Most species live in shallow waters, but some species will range as far as 2,000 ft. beneath the surface of the water. The . This species can exceed 40cm in size and is found from the Red Sea to Indo Pacific. pharaoh cuttlefish is absolutely stunning. It is possible that further research, particularly in highly productive environments or when conditions are more favourable, may prove acoustics to be a useful tool for assisting in monitoring primary productivity in seaweed communities. They are all oceanic, and need to live in saltwater to survive. Behavioral responses of infauna to predation have received limited study, especially in varying hydrodynamic conditions above estuarine sediments. Previous studies have shown that the sensory systems of cuttlefish are functional before hatching, and embryos can recognize predatory visual and chemical cues innately. Such distribution across the hosts may be related to their relative size and morphological complexity. They are also solitary creatures and prefer to live alone in a den, however, the gloomy octopus is an exception and will congregate in underwater cities Prey animals are able to recognize their predators either by an innate ability or through learned experience. Family Sepiidae. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Species on this page: Metasepia, Sepia, Euprymna, Ideosepius, Nautilus With equivalent initial cell densities ranged from 1000 to 7000 cells mL−1, CP1 and MPCoKK23 displayed acute toxicity in a dose-response manner to the three target animals (100% mortality at higher cell densities) within 24 h, MPJZB-C3 also displayed acute toxicity to the fish and rotifer in 24 h (up to 50% mortality) when the cell densities were above 3000 cells mL−1. [3], Sepia pharaonis is likely a complex of at least three species, Sepia pharaonis I, commonly located in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, S. pharaonis II, located from Japan to the Gulf of Thailand and northern Australia; and S. pharaonis III, located from the Indian Ocean to the Andaman Sea. To avoid predators eating their eggs, females of the pharaoh cuttlefish S. pharaonis search for suitable crevices in which to spawn their eggs, and the eggs are protected by a transparent or semi-transparent capsule (Hanlon and Messenger, 2018). Species recognized by Australia Species List … Furthermore, there are reports indicating how embryonic experience of predatory cues affects postnatal behavior (Lucon-Xiccato et al., 2017; Mathis et al., 2008). The ink of the cuttlefish has also been tested for antibacterial properties, and has been found to display the minimum inhibitory concentrations needed to act as an antibiotic to strains such as E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis.[20]. in the central Pacific Ocean in waters around 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) deep. However, if it feels threatened and displays texture and colour changes it may be easily confused with the Broadclub as they are both fairly large cuttlefish. In the present study, two different cuttlefish species, the pharaoh cuttlefish S. pharaonis (Experiment 1) from Taiwan and the European common cuttlefish S. officinalis (Experiment 2) from France, were used. It is commonly hunted in the Philippines, India, and Persia for food. The main part of the Z. soror population in the Bay is unevenly distributed between 4 abundant sea star species, Acanthaster planci, Culcita novaeguineae, Choriaster granulatus and Linckia laevigata. Found in shallow waters over sand and seagrass beds of coral and rocky reefs. Our second experiment tested the effects of actively feeding F. parvipinnis on the feeding behaviors of P. cornuta that had undergone a 96-h exposure to chlorpyrifos. Natural History. It seems that the distribution and the number of Z. soror shrimp in the Bay are controlled not only by the number, but also by species composition of the hosts. [18] This species is also being harvested by fishermen as a commercial species in the Suez Canal, Egypt.[19]. Host recognition is characteristic of many symbiotic invertebrates, including decapods. Reid, A., P. Jereb, & C.F.E. Cuttlefish camouflage: a quantitative study of patterning. Many estuaries also are impacted by chemical pollution, including runoff of terrestrial insecticides such as chlorpyrifos. Habitat: The Common Cuttlefish can be found in the eastern portions of the Atlantic ocean. However, the prevalence of infestation of the latter species was very low despite its abundance. Typically, cuttlefish is consumed as dried, shredded cuttlefish, a popular snack food. Toxins synthesized by marine benthic dinoflagellates may be transferred towards higher trophic levels via cell ingestion. The strain MPJZB-D6 did not exhibit significant toxicity to all three animals in 24 h, but, in 120 h, caused 50–100% mortalities in fish when the cell density was >3000 cells mL−1 and 17% mortality in brine shrimp when the cell density was >5000 cells mL−1. Additionally, there are more juveniles present in May, and more adults present in August. The Females lays their eggs by depositing them individually in the crevices among hard corals. Additionally, they can show a mottled white and brown color, with a center circle of brown. Conversely, cuttlefish hatchlings encounter a high predatory risk. This work was carried out in 2017 in accordance with the guidelines of National Tsing Hua University and University of Caen, and all procedures were approved by their institutional animal care and use committees (NTHU IACUC-10610 and ANR-13-BSV7–0002-01). While mostly observed during hunting and believed to be a sort of lure by mimicry of hermit crabs to get closer to prey, as hermit crabs are bottom feeders, the cause of the unique flapping display will need to be further verified. To quantify the camouflage ability of the hatchlings, the total scores for two prominent disruptive components of cuttlefish camouflage (white square and white head, In this experiment, the stage of eggs chosen to be exposed to predatory cues were different, namely stages 24–25 for the pharaoh cuttlefish and stage 28 for the European common cuttlefish. These eggs were maintained in the laboratory of National Tsing Hua University (Hsinchu, Taiwan), using two close-circulation aquarium systems (700 L each) with natural seawater (temperature at 23 ± 2 °C and the salinity of 35‰). [9], Most cephalopods use their two elongated tentacles for prey hunting, and particularly cuttlefish are known to use a three step process of attention, positioning, and seizure. Pharaoh Cuttlefish / Pharao-Sepia (Sepia pharaonis) 🦑 camouflage, having a big meal, laying eggs, hunting & swimming Ras Abu Gallum - South Sinai - Egypt 🇪🇬. We tested how feeding behaviors of a tube-dwelling, interface-feeding worm, Polydora cornuta, change due to predation by an omnivorous estuarine fish, Fundulus parvipinnis, in the contexts of hydrodynamic regime and sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. They follow this with extending their arms forward and venting onto the spawning ground and eggs via their funnels, before extending their arms to deposit the laid eggs onto the proper substrata.[12]. [7], They have been observed to exhibit migratory behavior off of the south-west coast of India. It is known that embryos are able to alter their developmental trajectories based on their embryonic experience of various biotic factors. [8] They are more commonly found furthest north during August, and further south in May. The mechanism for color in the Pharaoh cuttlefish is about the same as it is in other cuttlefish. Two cuttlefish species Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis are wide spread in Europe and Asia, respectively. The unarmored dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides is a well-known cosmopolitan harmful alga that forms intensive blooms causing massive fish kills and mortality of other marine animals. The victorious male then mates with females by grabbing them with their tentacles, turning the female so that the two animals are face-to-face, then using a specialized tentacle to insert sperm sacs into an opening near the female's mouth. Fish caged upstream had no effect on worms' feeding activity, indicating that P. cornuta reduced their feeding in response to tactile stimuli or sensing light shadows, rather than chemical alarm cues. The eggs of the pharaoh cuttlefish S. pharaonis were spawned by wild-caught females in February 2017. These eggs were maintained in the laboratory of National Tsing Hua University (Hsinchu, Taiwan), using two close-circulation aquarium systems (700 L each) with natural seawater (temperature at 23 ± 2 °C and the salinity of 35‰). Whether the timing of the enclosure of the eyes was related to the habitat or feeding behavior of hatchlings still needs to be studied further. Cuttlefish embryos face a lower predatory risk than hatchlings, because there are no known predators that mainly feeds on cuttlefish eggs. Among the three target animals, the marine medaka exhibited most sensitive to the toxicity, followed by rotifer and then brine shrimp. Pharaoh Cuttlefish: This is a large species of cuttlefish that inhabits the Pacific region between Japan and Australia and as far west as the Red Sea. The tentacles are deployed to catch prey. To adapt to various environments, many animal species are able to manipulate their hatching time based on environmental cues (Du and Shine, 2015; Rafferty and Reina, 2012). This paper focuses on two species of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, the Common Cuttlefish, and Sepia pharaonic, the Pharaoh Cuttlefish. It was apparent that the average embryonic time of Group PVC was significantly longer than those of Groups NPV, NPC, NPVC, and Cont (Fig.