The iron industry is the raw-material basis of ferrous metallurgy. metallurgy mĕt´əlûr˝jē , science and technology of metals and their alloys. Alloys (mixtures of metals) are also studied. It received Royal Charters in 1899 and 1975. Faster. The History of Metals We have documented the history if individual metals before and we have also visualized their annual production. Welding history is thought to begin in Egypt in starting in 4000 B.C. In sum, the MPIF helped the PM industry to make the transition from a small isolated industry to a successful and fully global enterprise, blazing the trail to where it is today. Bodycote, UK, has added an Interactive History of Metallurgy to its website that charts the history of metal processing and heat treatment. While lead and tin have low melting points, the technology to melt materials like tungsten and platinum only emerged in … The development of steel can be traced back 4000 years to the beginning of the Iron Age. The development of civilisation has relied heavily on the discovery of metals. Copper was widely used by many cultures and China’s use of copper dates back to around 3000 BC. They have a clean, well-run, world-class facility, operated by a very talented and experienced staff. Thousands of years later, between 35 and 414 A.D., metallurgists in India created the 6.5-ton Delhi column from iron powder. With this new level of consumer understanding, PM companies had less trouble demonstrating to their customers that though a lot of complex work goes into creating quality metal components, the conversion to PM was well worth it. Most every man-made thing on earth has some component of metal, but how did humans learn to use this wonderful material? German explained that today, the primary aspect of the PM industry is parts manufacturing, whether for internal business use or sale to other enterprises. 6000 - The British Isles are formed as water levels rise separating them from mainland Europe. Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords you are looking for. In some cases the powder method is more economical, as in fashioning small metal parts such as gears for … Share Tweet Share Pin. This flexibility turned out to be a major advantage, as enterprises could join forces to contend reigning technologies, such as machining and die casting, from complete superiority. This article provides an overview of the major historical developments of various methods of platinum powder production. A HISTORY OF SUPERALLOY METALLURGY FOR SUPERALLOY METALLURGISTS Chester T. Sims General Electric Company Schenectady, New York 12345 Summary Superalloys are utilized at a higher fraction of their actual melting point than any other class of … Metallurgy is the study of metals. That is, though initial costs might have appeared high to consumers at the time, a deeper grasp of the powder metallurgy process enabled them to see that long-term payoffs could be reaped by choosing and investing in the technology. But this alone does not demonstrate that metallurgy was something worked out locally, without essential ideas from the earliest metal workers of the Near East.” (Renfrew, Colin (1973) Before Civilization, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England 188-192). For a visual representation of the history of Heavy Metal, see Google's Metal Music Timeline. Rough Timeline of Metallurgy ... Out of the Fiery Furnace: The Impact of Metals on the History of Mankind, Robert Raymond A History of Metallurgy, R.F. Iron powder makers would come later, as there was practically no viable market for iron powder applications at the time. Metallurgy is the science of separating metals from their ores, and it developed quite recently, considering the length of human history. The Company was established in 1960 as “Aluminium of Greece S.A.” by Pechiney, the French metallurgy giant of that time, in order to exploit the rich bauxite deposits of Central Greece for producing alumina and aluminium. The present-day use of metals is the culmination of a long path of development extending over approximately 6,500 years. 2. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. You are currently using Internet Explorer 7/8/9, which is not supported by our site. Copper Timeline. Metallurgy is a field of science that tackles the study of the physical and chemical attributes of a metallic substance along with their intermetallic compositions and components which are fused together. History of Metallurgy: Tylecote, R. F.: Amazon.nl Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen … Forever. [ 2 ] 1. History of Metal Casting Metal Technologies has compiled a brief timeline of metal casting to give you an overview of the long and proud history of our industry. Though PM has been used for many years for a variety of purposes, it didn't really begin to take hold as an industry until the middle of the 20th century, Kempton Roll wrote in the Foreword to "Fundamentals of Powder Metallurgy" by Leander F. Pease, III and William G. West. This undoubtedly refers to the process of separating the gold from the earthy material as pictured in the Egyptian sculptures (Thebes and Beni Hassan) and described by Diodorus. History of metallurgy. History of Powder Metallurgy Processes at Horizon. In addition to making customers more knowledgeable, the MPIF facilitated a collaboration between enterprises in the industry without fear of being penalized by anti-trust laws, according to Roll. These production powerhouses were the Amplex Division of Chrysler, the Moraine Products Divisions of GMC, Keystone Carbon Co., U.S. Graphite Co. and Boundbrook Oilless Bearing Co. Then, there was only one PM product being manufactured - self-lubricating bearings - for a single market: the automotive. Disco… What is copper? A vertical template of a timeline works well to show the history of an era, country or project. The first evidence of human metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC, and was found in the archaeological sites of Majdanpek, Yarmovac and Plocnik, all three in Serbia. Simple text timeline. Ferrous metallurgy and steel industry This course explains the development of steel industry with the timeline on the history of iron and steel making processes. 600 - The Celtic peoples begin to arrive and establish their culture. USA, “Atlas Pressed Metals is a professional organization with great knowledge, experience, and expertise in the PM industry. Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords you are looking for. But this alone does not demonstrate that metallurgy was something worked out locally, without essential ideas from the earliest metal workers of the Near East.” (Renfrew, Colin (1973) Before Civilization, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England 188-192). It provides you with possibility to compare, put together, collate and analyze any data. It is generally agreed that the first known metals were gold, silver, and copper, which occurred in the native or metallic state, of which the earliest were in all probability nuggets of gold found in the sands and gravels of riverbeds. Resources for the history of the University of Texas at El Paso formerly known as Texas Western College, Texas State School of Mines and College of Mines, and University of Texas State School of Mines and Metallurgy. It was renamed to the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in 1919, recognising that the mining industry had expanded beyond engineering to include a range of technical professions. The welding history timeline below details how the technology developed. The History of Materials at Georgia Tech. For the best experience, please use one of the latest browsers. If you’re managing a team, try a template of a timeline that assigns tasks. Q&A for historians and history buffs Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Metallurgy combines both the science and technology of metals and is involved in many facets of our modern society. 4000 B.C. 125 Tom Mix Dr. It also includes the protection of cultural and industrial environments connected with the production of metals, with … Tylecote Chalcolithic Copper Smelting: Excavations and Experiments, Archaeo-Metallurgy IAMS monograph, Beno Rothenberg, The MPA was active for roughly a decade until maintaining such a membership where any company even remotely connected to the industry had a seat at the table became difficult from a business conflict standpoint in the mid-1950s, Roll explained, and membership declined. Timeline and History Overview. Posted by Horizon Technology - March 25, 2020 Powder metallurgy manufacturers should always be working to stay ahead of the industries it serves . For studying The timeline demonstrates any processes of the world’s history. Sintering involves the production of a hard solid metal or ceramic piece from a starting powder. History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began during the 2nd millennium BCE and continued well into the British Raj. History. Browse important copper developments to explore how they integrated with major inventions and world events. This is taking unusually long. Not only that, but today silica, stainless steel, bronze, copper, aluminum, iron, and alumina come in powdered metal form. During the Second World War, five major businesses ruled an isolated powder metallurgy parts manufacturing industry. Scroll through the past 11,000 years on this powerful timeline to observe how copper has advanced human civilization – from the Stone Age to the Modern Age… and into the future. 2200 - The construction of Stonehenge is completed. The Ultimate History of Metallurgy A timeline of metal processes, heat treatments and surface technology from 8700 BC to Modern Day. 4.1 Native Metals. 28,000 BC – People wear beads, bracelets, and pendants; 14,500 BC – First pottery, made by the Jōmon people of Japan. P.O. The steel story is the history of development. Tylecote Chalcolithic Copper Smelting: Excavations and Experiments, Archaeo-Metallurgy IAMS monograph, Beno Rothenberg, R.F. This probably means your browser is too outdated. Rough Timeline of Metallurgy ... Out of the Fiery Furnace: The Impact of Metals on the History of Mankind, Robert Raymond A History of Metallurgy, R.F. [1] The Indian cultural and commercial contacts with the Near East and the Greco-Roman world enabled an exchange of metallurgic sciences. Timeline Search. Metallurgy: Prehistoric metallurgy, mining and extraction of ores. Contact Us. In addition to spreading information about the viability of the powder metallurgy process, the Federation also pushed for greater transparency about the process among and beyond its members, according to Roll. Most every man-made thing on earth has some component of metal, but how did humans learn to use this wonderful material? In the health care arena, PM has led to the creation of biomedical implants that utilize composite materials with customizable properties. The history of metallurgy from 8700 BC to Modern Day by Bodycote 1. Despite its relatively recent entrance into the production sector of the modern economy, PM has been around for millennia in some form or other. metallurgy mĕt´əlûr˝jē [key], science and technology of metals and their alloys. Iron ore has been extracted and iron produced from it since ancient times. Worth noting is gold’s prominence ever since the beginning of history. © 2020 Atlas Pressed Metals, All Rights Reserved. Kempton Roll wrote in the Foreword to "Fundamentals of Powder Metallurgy" by Leander F. Pease, III and William G. West that engineers talked about PM in a mocking manner due to their doubts about its purported potential. He noted that PM was traditionally chosen for its cost-effectiveness, though the number of reasons now leading to its adoption has grown to include productivity, quality, material characteristics and homogeneity advantages. History. Royal Charter and By-laws. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The history of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Tech can be told, in part, through the evolution of its name. United Kingdom Timeline BCE. over time, metallurgy has become a highly developed art. Article: (Bulgaria - c. 3,000 BC) - Thousands of uniformly 'pressed' gold 'beads' were discovered in a Thracian horde in the Bulgarian 'Valley of the Kings'.The beads, which are only millimetres in diameter, have the appearance of minute 'washers', which show evidence of 'pressing' on both sides. One of the major benefits of the alliance was that it facilitated the spread of information that would lift the veil of ignorance from those who doubted that PM was a legitimate, effective and scientific form of metallurgy. Prehistoric man used metals to build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of metallurgy has developed, metals have played an essential role in the advancement of agriculture, transport and arts and craft – forging the path to today’s modern society. Long before furnaces were developed that could approach the melting point of metal, PM principles were used. Get in the know and subscribe today for free PM educational resources, company updates, latest news, videos and much more. The Chalcolithic period refers to that part of Old World prehistory wedged between the first farming societies called Neolithic, and the urban and literate societies of the Bronze Age.In Greek, Chalcolithic means "copper age" (more or less), and indeed, the Chalcolithic period is generally--but not always--associated with wide-spread copper metallurgy. Metallurgy, History of 5 Author's personal copy The improvement in the design of the jet engine, and the suitability of titanium and its alloys to meet the strains imposed Improvements achieved using PM continued through the early 20th century, with the fabrication of electrical contacts, cemented carbides and porous bearings in the 1930s, and steelmaking refractories and insulators in the following decade. It is a pleasure to work with them.”, - Sam B., Product Manager | Construction Equipment Industry. Some of the earliest pieces of copper were discovered at Dengjiawan, within what is known as the Shijiahe site complex. Using our service, you can open the history many times, see new cause-and-effect relations and quickly understand the development process of a civilization or a state. The world of Hydaelyn and its reflections were created from splinters of the original world as the result of conflict between the primals Zodiark and Hydaelyn. 29,000–25,000 BC – First pottery appears 3rd millennium BC – Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation 2nd millennium BC – Bronze is used for weapons and armour The growth of railroads during the 19th century in both Europe and America put enormous pressure on the iron industry, which still struggled with inefficient production processes. 4000 B.C. Its roots go back to the Iron and Steel Institute which was established in 1869. 600 - The Celtic peoples begin to arrive and establish their culture. We have documented the history if individual metals before and we have also visualized their annual production.However, we have not seen all of the metals on one timeline before such as in this infographic. The first metal to be shaped in welding history is thought to be copper since it can be hammered and bent. Steel was still unproven as a structural metal and production of the product was slow and costly. Welding history is thought to begin in Egypt in starting in 4000 B.C. Nobel Prize in 1903 (with the Curies). Powder metallurgy, fabrication of metal objects from a powder rather than casting from molten metal or forging at softening temperatures. Further, Roll noted that the MPIF provided a unique environment where companies within a single industry could intensely compete, but without compromising the ability to collaborate for a common goal. Timeline and History Overview. The Colin Renfrew quote only covers part of the history of metallurgy. At its core, metallurgy involves scientists examining the microstructure of a metal, allowing then the mechanical properties of the metal to be determined, and empowers engineers to utilise that metal for various purposes such as welding or metalworking. It is iron, with a melting point too high for primitive furnaces to extract it in pure form from its ore. For instance, powdered metal manufacturing has provided a solution for heat-dissipation issues with silicon in electronic frameworks by allowing the creation of low thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity heat sinks. The Bessemer Process and Modern Steelmaking . After another period of more than 1000 years, engineers in the 1800s began utilizing metal powders to create laboratory instruments with platinum. Since its discovery, metal casting has played a critical role in the development and advancement of human cultures and civilization. Since man first discovered copper (Around 9000BC), a naturally occurring, relatively pure metal, native to many countries, the study and knowledge of metallurgy has been fundamental to the way humans have lived. over time, metallurgy has become a highly developed art. Metallurgy is also known as the technology of how metals work and is commonly known as an applied science. Around that time, enterprising entrepreneurs started investing in PM, taking major risks in unknown waters that had yet to be explored. Powder metallurgy (PM) is one of the most interesting and innovative manufacturing technologies to arise since the turn of the 20th century, though its beginnings were as trying as they were auspicious. Irish Iron. Information on the world production of steels and the importance of steel industry will also be treated. Copper Timeline. Bodycote, UK, has added an Interactive History of Metallurgy to its website that charts the history of metal processing and heat treatment. Modern metallurgical research is concerned with the preparation of radioactive metals, with obtaining metals economically from low-grade ores, with obtaining and refining rare metals hitherto not used, and with the formulation of alloys. However, there was sufficient commerce to generate an industry dedicated to the production of metal powders that was populated by little-known spin-off companies of a number of large enterprises that dealt in non-ferrous metals, according to Roll. The history of powder metallurgy and the art of metals and ceramics sintering are intimately related. Ferrous metallurgy and steel industry This course explains the development of steel industry with the timeline on the history of iron and steel making processes. Information on the world production of steels and the importance of steel industry will also be treated. Search through the entire ancient history timeline. Louder. Later, Coolidge created flexible tungsten fibers from powders, providing more illumination and a higher operating temperature than the metallized carbon threads developed by Willis R. Whitney in 1905. Basket. For instance, New Jersey Zinc Co., National Lead Co., American Metal Climax and Metals Refining Co. were among the smaller businesses that sprung up due to the moderate prevalence of PM at the time. Though PM was a fairly secluded industry before and during the war, it began to thrive in the post-war years as more people became interested in the technology. The next great development in metallurgy involves a metal which is the most abundant in the earth's surface but which is much more difficult to work than copper or tin. Ancient Bronze Age Metallurgy History Spain Iberia Origins Tarshish Tartessians Tarsisi Phoenicians Rio Tinto Mines Sierra Morena Nevada Mountains Where Was Atlantis Empire Table Nations Biblical Ice Age Timeline End Geography Plato’s Atlantean Empire The new executive director and subsequent MPIF staff instead represented the membership for the greater good of advancing the industry relative to standards, education, public relations, programs, and conferences. In time and in large part thanks to the collaborative efforts of the MPIF and its members, engineers were awakened to the demonstrable benefits of PM, which include the ability to manufacture large amounts of precise, identical and affordable metal components for various purposes and the capacity for creating products from unusual amalgamations of materials. METALLURGY. They are physical and chemical metallurgy. Instead of losing business, PM enterprises thrived due to greater acceptance from engineers, who were then better informed about the methods and advantages of sintering with powder metals. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. Iron was so important to civilization that its discovery led to the Iron Age and a transition from the Bronze Age. Infographic: History of Metals Timeline. This timeline takes you through the early use of steel, the industrial revolution and the invention of the Bressemer process - through to the high-tech applications of the present. BC. 2200 - The construction of Stonehenge is completed. Ancient people made use of many different metals, but they lacked a way to melt most of them. DuBois, PA 15801 Harder. ... A timeline of our history. In general, civilizations started with copper and then progressed to bronze, silver, gold and iron. The History of Powder Metallurgy The Very Beginning. Because the yellow metal is […] Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, ... be made into vessels; later in history it was made into pipes such as those used to transport water in the early Roman Empire. Metallurgy is the art of smelting, shaping, and otherwise changing metals. However, rather than let the organization continue to falter, members chose to appoint an executive director, leading to the formation of the Metal Powder Industries Federation from the remaining fragments of the MPA. 3500 B.C. Ancient Egyptians were neither the inventors of metallurgy, nor the most innovative in its development. Below is a timeline showing all the major advancements that the ancients made, up into 0 A.D.E United Kingdom Timeline BCE. Becquerel, H. (1851-1908) Discovered radioactivity of uranium (1896) and deflection of electrons by magnetic fields and gamma rays. - Timeline & History of Metallurgy - YouTube Research into the history of mining and metallurgy encompasses both the archaeological record and historical documentation and research. Major innovations in materials technology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_materials_technology&oldid=985210039, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 28,000 BC – People wear beads, bracelets, and pendants, 50s BC – Glassblowing techniques flourish in, 300 – Greek alchemist Zomius, summarizing the work of Egyptian alchemists, describes arsenic and lead acetate, 720 – Abu Masa Dshaffar discovers sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, and silver nitrate, 750 – Geber, an Arabian alchemist, describes the preparation of aluminum chloride, white lead, nitric acid, and acetic acid, 900 – Al-razi, known as Rhazes, a Persian physician and alchemist, describes the preparation of plaster of Paris and metallic antimony, 1664 – In the pipes supplying water to the gardens at Versailles, cast iron is used, This page was last edited on 24 October 2020, at 16:35. The most significant facts about Metallurgy in interactive timeline full of images, videos, and quotations. 1. Modern metallurgical research is concerned with the preparation of radioactive metals, with obtaining metals economically from low-grade ores, with obtaining and In Job 28:1 occurs zaqaq, translated "refine," literally, "strain." There is evidence that iron powders were fused into hard objects as early as 1200 B.C. Membership. Powder Metallurgy History ... An Overview of the Early PM Timeline Before traversing the murky waters of PM's large-scale advent in the 1900s, let's take a look at its early history, which goes back to at least 3000 B.C., according to "Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials Processing" by Randall M. German. IOM3 was formed from the merger of the Institute of Materials and the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in June 2002. Metalworking and Welding Timeline Welding B.C. Shop Historical Metallurgy; Shop Occasional Publications; 0 . Timeline of major events in chemistry history: Democritus ... (Le Chatelier’s Law), combustion of gasses, and iron and steel metallurgy. Throughout time, humankind has made many advancements in the art of metallurgy. Iron Industry the sector of mining engaged in the obtaining of iron ore and in its primary processing—crushing, sorting, concentrating, homogenizing, and agglomerating particles by sintering or pelletizing. Timeline Search. If you encounter any problems or faults with the website please contact us at webteam@historicalmetallurgy.org. With such a varied and strong history, PM is sure to continue its success for decades to come. Based on the first forty years of heavy metal’s history, thankfully it shows no sign of slowing down of slowing down any time soon. During its early stages, German said, PM was implemented to expand the spectrum of metals available for various applications - a use that continues to this day. met'-al-ur-ji: There are numerous Biblical references which describe or allude to the various metallurgical operations. was successfully added to your cart. The sector is currently divided mainly by the particular complexity of production process and substances utilized. This page should be viewed using a modern browser such as Skip to main content. To this end, a number of companies decided to form their own trade organization in 1944: the Metal Powder Association. Powder metallurgy (PM) has been called a lost art. Metallurgy in China has a long history. Browse important copper developments to explore how they integrated with major inventions and world events. Many leaders in the MPIF organization supported the motion, but others remained hesitant to divulge their secrets to competitors. Containing over 200 images and numerous videos, the timeline identifies important and fascinating discoveries in the working of metal during almost 10,000 years of history. … For instance, only a handful of companies may be able to provide certain sizes of precision parts made with specific materials using die compaction, despite the existence of more than 1500 businesses that utilize the technology in the U.S. As you might expect then, the PM industry today is very diverse and contains a wide range of enterprises that specialize in one or more of the numerous niche markets within the segment. 6000 - The British Isles are formed as water levels rise separating them from mainland Europe. The History of Metals. Use an Excel timeline template to chart your work plan or try a PowerPoint timeline template to track key dates. At that time, the Egyptians utilized iron powders for fabricating objects, making them one of the first recorded users of PM, along with the Incas. See also: History of ferrous metallurgy, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Metallurgy in Pre-Columbian America, Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent . An Archaeology Committee workshop held in Co Cork, Ireland. Containing over 200 images and numerous videos, the timeline identifies important and fascinating discoveries in the working of metal during almost 10,000 years of history. Worth noting is gold’s prominence ever since the beginning of history. The first metal to be shaped in welding history is thought to be copper since it can be hammered and bent. Search through the entire ancient history timeline. "Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials Processing" - Randall M. German, "Fundamentals of Powder Metallurgy" - Leander F. Pease, III and William G. West, Mailing Address Later in the 19th century, PM played a role in the early days of electricity, when William Coolidge designed a sturdy lamp filament for Thomas Edison that used tungsten powder, German explained. In order to battle these suspicions and other misconceptions with the aim of expanding their market base, powder manufacturers began to work diligently to dispel the doubts of those who could find a use for PM. The answer is metallurgy. Before traversing the murky waters of PM's large-scale advent in the 1900s, let's take a look at its early history, which goes back to at least 3000 B.C., according to "Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials Processing" by Randall M. German. However, we have not seen all of the metals on one timeline before such as in this infographic. Moreover, the range of applications that PM is now used for has also expanded from the once narrow market for self-lubricating bearings to fields as disparate as medical technology and computers. The Colin Renfrew quote only covers part of the history of metallurgy. The answer is metallurgy. The Federation provided both financial resources and power in numbers that would have been prohibited if the organization's various member companies united into a single business. ; 6th millennium BC – Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation (see Pločnik article); 2nd millennium BC – Bronze is used for weapons and armor; 16th century BC – The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy Box P History. In recent times, the endeavor to increase the range of available materials and resulting characteristics utilizing  PM has led to a diverse array of alloys and blends that can be produced by no other method, including tantalum, beryllium oxide, silicon carbide, titanium, rhenium zirconium and titanium diboride. In 2005, ALUMINIUM became a member of the MYTILINEOS Group and today is Europe’s most important vertically integrated alumina and aluminium production and trading plant. There are two main branches of Metallurgy. These fused components as known as alloys. Scroll through the past 11,000 years on this powerful timeline to observe how copper has advanced human civilization – from the Stone Age to the Modern Age… and into the future. Steel - Steel - History: The steel industry has grown from ancient times, when a few men may have operated, periodically, a small furnace producing 10 kilograms, to the modern integrated iron- and steelworks, with annual steel production of about 1 million tons. Eventually, the whole of the MPIF agreed to share details about the PM process, which ended up having a salutary effect on the industry, contrary to what some feared. In the Foreword to "Fundamentals of Powder Metallurgy" by Leander F. Pease, III and William G. West, Kempton Roll wrote that at this point customers of the industry began to cease their criticism, instead of becoming more empathetic to those with the wherewithal to pursue this form of manufacturing. Nowadays, powder metal parts are used in the majority of engineering systems, Randall M. German wrote in Chapter 1 of "Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials Processing." Metallurgy is the art of smelting, shaping, and otherwise changing metals. The creation of the MPIF proved pivotal for the success of the industry, as it enabled a relatively small group of companies in a novel field to work together to make the case for a new and worthwhile technology. Proving to be harder and stronger than bronze, which had previously been the most widely used metal, iron began to displace bronze in weaponry and tools. What is Metallurgy?