Duarte CM All these factors combined will influence long-term seagrass resilience to climate related and local stressors, as well as restoration programs based on seedling establishment. Links between humans and seagrasses-an example from tropical East Africa. However, there is a lack of research conducted on E. acoroides seeds and seedlings in order to understand their response to various environmental changes. doi: 10.3354/meps225177, Bulthuis, D. A. doi: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.07.004. 141, 36–45. Regarding the sucrose determination, this method only determines ketoses (as fructose) so we are ignoring the other component of sucrose, glucose, underestimating the final concentrations (M. Birkicht, personal communication). Effect of in situ short–term temperature increase on carbon metabolism and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes in a community dominated by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Silsbe, G., and Malkin, S. Y. The percentage of acid insoluble ash was then calculated. The flow from both water reservoirs was maintained at a constant rate at ~5.8 l d−1 ensuring total water renovation inside each aquarium every ~1.5 days. Two solutions, daucosterol standard (1 mg/mL in ethanol) and dichloromethane extract of E. acoroides were applied to the plate. (2019). Mar. From the rETR values, maximum rETR (rETRmax) was calculated as the inflection point of the fitted rETR curve. During the experiment the temperature inside aquaria was also continuously monitored by Hobo loggers (Onset, MA, USA) placed in one random aquarium of each ET (n = 4). Analytical column HPLC, Phenomenex (Kinetex C18, 100x4.6 mm, 2.6 mm) was used. (1999a). Global Change Biol. –9, Gillan FT, About 2.0 g of E. acoroides rhizome powder was accurately weighed in previously dried, tared silica crucibles and incinerated in a muffle furnace by gradually increasing the temperature to 450ºC until a white carbon free ash was formed. The seagrass grows in groups near the corals. Future heat waves due to climate change threaten the survival of Posidonia oceanica seedlings. J. Exp. Biomonitoring of metal contamination in estuarine ecosystem using seagrass. Possible causes of seagrass decline. Founded in the year 2004, as the PHCOG.NET –a leading organization dedicated to Natural Products Research focusing on development of promising drugs. Records of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle and Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) Prog. leaves are the biggest with 300 - 2000 mm long and 12 - 20 mm wide, followed by . 2010; doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905620106, Weitzman, J. S., Zeller, R. B., Thomas, F. I. M., and Koseff, J. R. (2015). Herbivore community determines the magnitude and mechanism of nutrient effects on subtropical and tropical seagrasses. , authors. This is the first study to suggest that the seedling stage of a tropical seagrass may be tolerant to and even positively affected by an extended exposure to the current ambient maximum temperature. Ecol. Policy Sust. The physicochemical parameters of E. acoroides rhizomes, viz. 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W. (1995). 51 Maximum leaf length was the highest in the high temperature treatments, particularly when combined with high nutrients. From the curve fit parameters, only maximum quantum yield values were significantly higher under high temperature treatments (Table 5). Our study did not intend to find the optimal temperature for growth of E. acoroides seedlings, but rather to test the effect of increasing temperature under different nutrient regimes. Temperature, nutrient, seed size, their interactions and the nesting structure (Temperature:ET:Aquarium) were the fixed effects in the model. Water reservoirs were manually emptied from any remaining water and refilled with fresh ASW every other day. This has been previously observed in temperate seagrass seedlings under different stressors, such as CO2 enrichment, invasive algae or temperature (Hernán et al., 2016; Guerrero-Meseguer et al., 2017; Pereda-Briones et al., 2019). 287 doi: 10.1093/plankt/19.11.1637, Schielzeth, H., and Nakagawa, S. (2013). (2016). Seagrass meadows also help to mitigate climate change by the capture and storage of organic carbon (“blue carbon”), reducing CO2 concentrations in seawater (Fourqurean et al., 2012; Macreadie et al., 2019). F., Halophila minor (Zoll.) One seedling of each size was distributed in each aquarium, making a total of three seedlings per aquarium. 2004; The influence of hydrodynamics and ecosystem engineers on eelgrass seed trapping. Chan K Human development and associated activities (e.g., agriculture, fish and seaweed aquaculture) have triggered land use changes and urbanization which have led to an increase in the concentration of nutrients and sediments into the coastal waters. Pollard DA Prog. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination and seedling establishment in the endangered seagrass Zostera japonica Asch. The silica crucibles were then cooled in a desiccator and weighed. J. Exp. Larkum AWD, The photosynthetic performance of the seedlings was affected by the nested blocking variables, as reflected by the significant effect they have on rETRmax, alpha and Ek. When the homogeneity of multivariate dispersions was not met, the data were transformed (square root, log or inverse) and the dissimilarity matrix was recalculated. (1987). 2011, Flora of China The United Nations environment programme; In contrast, other previous studies showed that morphological traits, such as leaf length, growth or number of leaves per shoot, were the most variable traits under the influence of both factors (Bintz et al., 2003; Mvungi and Pillay, 2019). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210386, Fonseca, M. S., Fourqurean, J. W., and Hoehl, M. A. R. (2019). The rhizomes were cut and washed with water to remove the adherent impurities, dried in a hot air oven at 40oC for 48 h. The voucher specimens were deposited at Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Thailand (Code: MSU.PH-HDT-C1). The active ingredients, apigenin and luteolin were also detected at retention time of 49.35 and 45.83min, respectively. doi: 10.1104/pp.69.3.691, Invers, O., Kraemer, G. P., Pérez, M., and Romero, J. Direct effects occur through stability of physiological mechanisms (Burkholder et al., 1992; Bird et al., 1998; Brun et al., 2002; Invers et al., 2004; Touchette and Burkholder, 2007) causing increased nutrient uptake ability (Viana et al., 2019), nutrient imbalance (Li et al., 2019), changes in morphological indices (Mvungi and Pillay, 2019), changes in growth (Terrados et al., 1999a), changes in sexual reproduction (Duarte et al., 1997), or direct ammonium toxicity (Van Katwijk et al., 1997). 127, 57–61. Negative effects of warming on seagrass seedlings are not exacerbated by invasive algae. Pollut. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. The rhizome is black and clothed with numerous black fibrous strands of decayed leaves and roots. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(87)90085-4, Short, F. T., Burdick, D. M., and Kaldy, J. E. III (1995). doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.050, Cullen-Unsworth, L., and Unsworth, R. (2013). characteristics on seagrass transplantation success. , author. Textbook of Thai traditional medicine in the inscriptions at Wat Phrachetuphon Wimonmangkhalaram (Wat Pho). Biol. We used permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) (Anderson et al., 2008) to analyze the data. Most chemical compounds of E. acoroides rhizome are glycosides which have high polarity and are soluble in water.16,27. The rhizome of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases e.g. Enhalus acoroides is one of the most abundant seagrass species in Indonesian waters with morphological features ie rhizomes buried in substrates, green leaves, can produce flowers, fruits and seeds (Bujang, 2012). Male inflorescences are composed of a peduncle 5 cm long, hairy sessile bracts, pedicellate male flowers, oblong white sepals about 2 mm, white petals which are larger than the sepals, white stamens about 1.5–2 mm. A decade of climate change experiments on marine organisms: procedure, patterns and problems. Table 4. (1): Pollut. Environ. A comprehensive analysis of mechanical and morphological traits in temperate and tropical seagrass species. 13 The objectives of the present study were to evaluate pharmacognostical parameters of the E. acoroides including macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical properties to establish a standard for quality control of crude drug of E. acoroides. Physiological and morphological responses of the temperate seagrass Zostera muelleri to multiple stressors: investigating the interactive effects of light and temperature. Interactive effects of global warming and eutrophication on a fast-growing Mediterranean seagrass. , authors. Rev Bras Farmacogn. (2015). –75, Phillips RC, The light was provided by LED lamps (Hydra Fifty-two HD, AquaIllumination®, Iowa), 2 lamps were placed at the same height at the top part of each ET, providing 200 ± 20 μmol m−2 s−1 of light (measured at each aquarium to ensure homogeneous irradiance). 2817 Azman S, Once in the water reservoir, ASW was gently mixed and an air pump was placed in each water reservoir to ensure further aeration and mixing. New York and London: Vegan: Community Ecology Package. doi: 10.3354/meps08104. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Conserv. doi: 10.4319/lo.1996.41.8.1758, Duarte, C. M., Uri, J. S., Agawin, N. S. R., Fortes, M. D., Vermaat, J. E., and Marbà, N. (1997). The interaction between stressors is now viewed as a crucial issue, and it is suggested that single-factor experiments are not adequate for assessing the effects of several disturbances on coastal marine ecosystems (Wernberg et al., 2012; Todgham and Stillman, 2013; Ontoria et al., 2019). Nested by design: model fitting and interpretation in a mixed model era. Pigments were extracted from the filters in 8 ml of 96% ethanol in glass vials placed for 5 min at 80°C and subsequently placed in a rotor at room temperature in the dark for approximately 24 h. Extracts were subsequently centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 20 min. Bot. 1258 Mesocarp Water Extract for Herbal Tea, Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics, Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Berberis aristata DC. Water samples were collected at 1 m depth in opaque bottles for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP). –7, Alam K, Further study of seedling and adult plant traits of other tropical seagrass species is important to filling gaps of knowledge of tropical seagrass ecology and future consequences of environmental change on this critical ecosystem. E. acoroides is the largest of seagrasses and is very distinctive and unlikely to be confused with any other species. (2019). Printing; J Chromatogr B. (7-8): 7:325. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00325. Root trait responses including the increase in number of roots per seedling, maximum root length, and BG biomass, additionally supported the positive growth response of BG tissue to increasing temperature. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04364-6, Hernán, G., Ortega, M. J., Gándara, A. M., Castejón, I., Terrados, J., and Tomas, F. (2017). Quality control of herbal medicines. Water temperature was nearly constant throughout the experiment and within the target temperatures (PERMANOVA, P < 0.01) (Table 1). , authors. Another report of Vallisneria sphaerocarpa from Palawan was by Merrill (1918). J. Plankton Res. We found three typical characteristics of dugong grazing scars on Enhalus acoroides leaves. , author. doi: 10.1111/nph.15885, Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., et al. Ruangrungsi N Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Bot. 13, 224–235. Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Flowers Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath. (11): Limnol. doi: 10.1007/BF02691701, Tuya, F., Haroun, R., and Espino, F. (2014). (2001). Bangkok: Geosci. 10:3998. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11693-w. Manly, B. F. J. Other studies that have reviewed seagrass responses to nutrients show that a number of environmental factors, such as sedimentary characteristics or water velocity, and intraspecific characteristics, such as seagrass leaf SA, influence nutrient limitation in seagrasses (Short, 1987; Lee et al., 2007). Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. 18, 1491–1498. ... length 60 cm) for E. acoroides for measuring sediment characteristics and ammonium in pore water. Hemminga, M. A., and Duarte, C. M. (2000). PERMANOVA + for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Pollut. Table 1. In this way, E. acoroides seedlings have common features with other persistent species such as Posidonia sp., as seeds are bigger in size compared to other fast-growing species (Orth et al., 2007). Sci. Temporal changes in the abundance, leaf growth and photosynthesis of three co-occurring Philippine seagrasses. Female flower composed of a peduncle 50 cm long which will coil and contract after anthesis, hairy bracts size 4–6 × 1–2 cm, reddish sepals, white strap-shaped petals about 4–5 cm × 3–4 mm with papillose, ovoid ovary with long hairs. Daucosterol gave a purple color with the anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid spray reagent which corresponded with a spot of E. acoroides extract at hRf 50–52. 120, 251–259. At the end of the experiment, the length from the seed to the mark of each leaf was measured. A., et al. Two gram of E. acoroides was extracted with 25 mL of 80% ethanol in ultrasonic bath for 30 min and filtered by 0.45 μm membrane filter before injection to HPLC. These include animals and plants (Doney et al., 2011), and E. acoroides could be expected to migrate in a similar manner to mangroves (Osland et al., 2016). Biol. , editors. Overall, the total seedling biomass was the highest in the high temperature treatments (Figure 2), and there was an effect of the initial seed size (Table 4). IV was awarded with a postdoctoral fellowship of the Leibniz-DAAD postdoctoral programme (Germany) and Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Educación, Universidad e Formación Profesional) postdoctoral programme (ED481B-2016/189-0). 223, 1217–1229. Seimahuira T, 898 Morphology and morphometric characteristics of Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata The study showed that both species of E. acoroides and C. rotundata were widespread in the survey area and were found in four islands, indicating that the local environment of the study areas was able to support the growth of both Sci. J. Exp. As well as chemical investigation through TLC and HPLC were specified. Mar. Ser. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Vol. Copyright: 2018, http://www.ijmedph.org/v8/i4. Seasonal variations in carbon and nitrogen constituents in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as influenced by increased temperature and water-column nitrate. Photosynthetic responses of seven tropical seagrasses to elevated seawater temperature. 66 Species: Enhalus acoroides Rich. Water samples were taken every week from the two water reservoirs and random aquaria of each treatment (n = 4 each week) for DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, NH4+, NOx- and NO2-); silicate and phosphate. 63, 169–196. , authors. Results of the permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) of the effects of temperature and nutrient treatments on the morphological traits of Enhalus acoroides seedlings included in Table 2, with the exception of number of roots. Seedling size and Aquarium were not included as factors in the model for biochemical trait analysis because seedling samples within the same aquaria were pooled. Moreover, this is the first step in studying the combined impact of temperature and nutrients on seagrass seedlings. Khan, M. N., and Mohammad, F. (2014). Handbook of seagrass biology: An ecosystem perspective. Mar. July doi: 10.1515/BOT.2010.051, Keywords: tropical seagrass, Indo-Pacific, traits, growth, nutrient content, photosynthesis, carbohydrates, Indonesia, Citation: Artika SR, Ambo-Rappe R, Teichberg M, Moreira-Saporiti A and Viana IG (2020) Morphological and Physiological Responses of Enhalus acoroides Seedlings Under Varying Temperature and Nutrient Treatment. 53 doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.002, Ambo-Rappe, R., La Nafie, Y. Palanuvej C, 23, 17–27. In contrast Enhalus acoroides showed less seasonal variation. BBA Gen. Restoration of Cymodocea nodosa (Uchria) Ascherson seagrass meadows through seed propagation: seed storage and influences of plant hormones and mineral nutrients on seedling growth in vitro. J. Exp. Aquat. However, these factors are still poorly understood in sub-tropical and tropical regions. Competition for nutrients among microalgae, seagrass adults and seedlings, however, cannot be discarded, but was not directly measured in this study. Sci. These physiological experiments are also needed in order to make predictions about seagrass resilience or tolerance to future climate scenarios. Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: a review. doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2398-6, Jiménez, R., Egea, L. G., Vergara, J. J., Bouma, T. J., and Brun, F. G. (2019). (2019). In our study case, both total ash and acid-insoluble ash were comparatively high, as might occur if the rhizome of E. acoroides was contaminated with sand and absorbed mineral in the sea. muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems where pharmacognostical studies are lacking. Fulltxt.Org provides publications that are freely available online to all at no cost and with limited restrictions with regards reuse based on permission from different journals. In our study, the decrease in %N and sucrose content of the seed also indicates that growth and biomass allocation was supported by internal nutrient and energy stores found in the seed. 27, 41–57. doi: 10.1007/BF00017618, Pereda-Briones, L., Terrados, J., and Tomas, F. (2019). Med. doi: 10.1007/s12562-009-0141-x, Agawin, N. S., Duarte, C. M., Fortes, M. D., Uri, J. S., and Vermaat, J. E. (2001). The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Bot. 634, 279–286. A leaf sheath encircles the stem and protect the young leaf. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Aliquots of the samples were weighed into tin capsules using an analytical scale prior to analysis (Euro EA3000 Elemental Analyzer). Figure 2. Air pumps were placed in each aquarium to ensure water aeration and mixing by moving water from the bottom to the top. The opposite effect of rising temperatures between our study and other studies could be due to different reasons, such as the inter-species differences to responses to temperature changes. This is critical for stabilization into sediment, and the survival of the whole plant in the following life stages. Ser. Unlike Z. marina, which is a temperate species, E. acoroides is tropical, with a higher temperature range in its native distribution. We used R software to perform the analysis (R Core Team, 2019) with the adonis2 function of the package “vegan” (Oksanen et al., 2019). Biochemical basis for partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon between starch and sucrose in soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Ecol. Ecol. IOP Conf. Heavy metals can decrease the quality of a waters. The total number of flowers was higher in plot B than in plot A, and the sex ratio was more stable monthly in the continuous plot B (1.271–2.802) than in the patchy plot A (0.902–4.907; Figure 5 ). Rao KS, Sci. The other seagrasses are Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle, Halophila decipiens Ostenf., Halophila ovalis (R. 551, 81–94. 10 Oceanogr. In this study, the shoot density, biomass and growth characteristics of Thalassia hemprichii and With the exception of a few studies on seedlings from temperate seagrasses in which no positive effects on physiology, growth, survival or photosynthetic potential were observed with nutrients (Glasby et al., 2014; Alexandre et al., 2018), most studies on nutrient-enrichment effects have been done on adult stages of seagrasses with mixed results. Limnol. Ecol. In this study, we characterized the complete chloroplast genome sequence of this species. The distance components of a mixture travelled were quantified using retention factors.20. Surface area (SA) was calculated with the following Equation (1). (2019). doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00135-5, Moreno-Marín, F., Brun, F. G., and Pedersen, M. F. (2018). Mar. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that are globally distributed and can form dense meadows in shallow water coastal environments (Duarte, 1991, 2001; Duarte and Cebrián, 1996; Short et al., 2007). Environ. doi: 10.3354/meps07358, Masini, R. J., Anderson, P. K., and McComb, A. J. Wakano D, Biol. doi: 10.3354/meps081163, Burkholder, J. M., Tomasko, D. A., and Touchette, B. W. (2007). J Plant Res. Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: an experimental assessment. Picheansoonthon C Acad. 1994; Epiphytes and nutrient contents influence Sarpa salpa herbivory on Caulerpa spp vs. seagrass species in Mediterranean meadows. Additionally, we showed that increased nutrient inputs may play a less important role in seedling growth response during its initial growth phase, due to internal nutrient reserves in the seed. 2003, Bell JD, Ecol. Biol. doi: 10.1002/lno.10121, Wernberg, T., Smale, D. A., and Thomsen, M. S. (2012). Figure 3. Methods of Seawater Analysis. Ocean Coast. 55, 14–28. Variation in size and chemical composition of seeds from the seagrass Zostera marina—ecological implications. The two main factors (temperature and nutrient treatments) had two levels each (26 and 31°C, and low and high nutrient concentrations, respectively), which were fully crossed. With the exception of biomass traits, we found that initial seed size did not matter in seedling physiological responses, growth and photosynthetic parameters. AM-S ran the statistical analysis. Eutrophication has been identified as one of the most important factors affecting productivity, community carbon dynamics, and seagrass growth, and is one of the major threats confronting coastal ecosystems. E. acoroides has characteristic morphology. , author. Vegetative shoots (sprigs) of E. acoroides were collected from a healthy donor bed located nearby the plantation site, and planted into unvegetated areas. Correspondence to: Correspondence Dr. Somsak Nualkaew Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Product Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, THAILAND. Estuar. (2016). Tropical systems are oligotrophic and naturally nutrient limited; therefore, even small amounts of nutrient additions might rapidly increase competence among primary producers. 244, 1–28. In this way, studies with persistent seagrasses showed that seedling growth was more dependent on seed nutrient reserves rather than the external nutrient additions (Statton et al., 2014). Amarin; However, no significant negative effects of the eutrophication in our tanks were found on seedling morphology and physiology, indicating that light was not limiting seedling growth. Biol. Biol. 19, 1637–1670. Biochemical and physiological traits (mean ± SE, n = 6) of Enhalus acoroides seedlings in the four different temperature (Temp) and nutrient treatments at the end of the experiment. acoroides is wide spread in the Indian to Pacific Oceans. Different cell components i.e. Annu. Hemminga, M. A., Harrison, P. G., and van Lent, F. (1991). are used in the preparation of salad. The leaf of the seagrass can grow up to between 30 centimetres and 150 centimetres long. Another 1000 g of dried rhizomes from each resource were ground to a coarse powder (sieve No.70) and stored in air tight containers until used. Fiber characteristics of five species of seagrass - Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, and Halophila spinulosa - were evaluated. PLoS ONE 14:e0210386. This experiment provides interesting results but there are still a large number of gaps and the need to continue researching how factors related to global change affects the success in seedlings of seagrass. Fruit is ovoid, 5–7 cm in diameter. The RLC consisted of 12 saturating light pulses (separated by 30 s intervals), increasing the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) between pulses until 2,001 μmol photons m−2 s−1. (1999). We estimated the genetic diversity and population genetic structure and identified reproductive features in Enhalus acoroides populations from the Yaeyama Islands, Hainan Island and the Philippines. 303, 97–114. The 250 g of dried rhizome of E. acoroides were spread on white, clean muslin cloth. J. Phycol. (2016). Marcel Dek-ker; E. acoroides. This species is widely distributed in the tropics of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean ().Enhalus acoroides is highly productive in shallow intertidal areas that frequently suffer from anthropogenic disturbances. Biol. Glob. Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhardt, M. (1999). However, this energy budget allocation pattern might be a limiting factor because root development is key when establishing and maintaining a seagrass meadow. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.039, Gunderson, A. R., Armstrong, E. J., and Stillman, J. H. (2016). (2018). The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 137, 203–213. The roots grow out of the rhizome. Anisaldehyde was purchased from Panreacquimica, Spain. Water was filtered under constant pressure onto pre-combusted (5 h, 450°C) Whatman GF/F filters. Phytotools: Phytoplankton Production Tools. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.012, Short, F. T. (1987). doi: 10.4319/lo.2000.45.5.1041. Therefore, the effects of nutrients on seagrass responses range from no impacts to positive or negative impacts. 21, 540–547. 5:33. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00033, Terrados, J., Agawin, N. S., Duarte, C. M., Fortes, M. D., Kamp-Nielsen, L., and Borum, J. Mar. 96, 181–187. A., et al. Marine angiosperms could inevitably offer considerable potential resources for their fiber, yet little research has been conducted, especially in Malaysia. 184, 54–66. The seed is angular, 1–1.5 cm in diameter.22 The macroscopical characteristics of the fresh E. acoroides was shown in Figure 1. doi: 10.1042/bj0570508, York, P. H., Gruber, R. K., Hill, R., Ralph, P. J., Booth, D. J., and Macreadie, P. I. Sucrose was extracted from plant tissue by heating (80°C) in 95% EtOH. Preliminary screening of seaweeds, seagrass and lemongrass oil from Papua New Guinea for antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Therefore, C:N ratio of leaves showed no significant differences, while C:N ratio in seeds and roots were the highest under the high temperature and low nutrient treatment (Table 3). Field transplantation of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) seedlings: effects of invasive algae and nutrients. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.037, Zarranz, M. E., González-Henríquez, N., García-Jiménez, P., and Robaina, R. R. (2010). Bot. Antioxidant Role of Beta Carotene: Protection against Cadmium Induced Testicular Toxicity, In vitro Cytotoxicity Study on U87 Cells using Root Extracts of Plumbago Species and GC-MS Study, Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region, Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Aust. 388, 99–109. Wolf LG, [2] Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Product Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, THAILAND. Multiple stressors in a changing world: the need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environment. Light is more important than nutrient ratios of fertilization for Cymodocea nodosa seedling development. Sections 1.4 – 1.6 describe biological aspects of Iriomote Island: Corals, Tropical sea grass Enhalus acoroides, Coenobita brevimanus, respectively. The decreasing in water quality can caused by pollutants such as heavy metals with high concentrations greatly affects the aquatic environment, especially living organisms. 361 Garland STPM Press; Fiber characteristics of five species of seagrass – Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, and Halophila spinulosa – were evaluated. 1999; (2007). The characteristics of E. acoroides rhizome are black 0.7–1 cm thick and 7–10 cm long; clothed with numerous black fibrous strands of decayed leaves and roots. Mar. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Moore, K. A., and Wetzel, R. L. (2000). The bottles were placed in an air oven, maintained at 105 ± 2ºC, for 2 h. The bottles were then removed, covered and placed in a desiccator. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(91)90081-F, Duarte, C. M. (1995). The Philippines are situated at the centre of the E. acoroides range, Yaeyama and Hainan are peripheral populations, and the Yaeyama population is at the northern limit of the species range. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2003.11.005, Jassby, A. D., and Platt, T. (1976). J. The effect of temperature on the survival, growth, photosynthesis, and respiration of young seedlings of eelgrass Zostera marina L. Aquaculture 350–353, 98–108. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in seedlings of the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica in Western Australia. Bot. 82, 399–409. Trophic response of fishes to habitat variability in coastal seagrass systems. Temperature, as it groups ETs and aquaria, is a group level predictor. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076377, Yue, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Gu, R., Xu, S., et al. Bot. Wang BG Ser. Sci. The morphology of E. acoroidesis fairly characteristic. This implies that initial seedling development is not light or nutrient limited. Water-column nitrate enrichment promotes decline of eelgrass Zostera marina: evidence from seasonal mesocosm experiments. Test-transplant survival was assessed every month for five months. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.034, Peterson, J. E., and Baldwin, A. H. (2004). Actually, while rETRmax values for adult E. acoroides individuals fall within 45–200 μmol e− m−2 s−1 (Jiang et al., 2014; Moreira-Saporiti et al., in prep) values in our study are 3- to 8-fold lower (Figure 3). Chirawong W This can eventually lead to die off if extreme temperatures persist (Cambridge et al., 1986; Bulthuis, 1987; Short and Neckles, 1999; York et al., 2013). Organic solvents (AR grade), chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, hexane and methanol were obtained from RCI Labscan (Thailand) and toluene from CARLO ERBA, Italy. This last feature, seed size, is related with the absolute quantity of nutrients in the seeds (Delefosse et al., 2016). Bangkok: Fluorescence parameters were not influenced by any of the water treatments. PeerJ 6:e4555. Water parameters (DIN, phosphate, and Chl-a and -b) and temperature in aquaria were compared using PERMANOVA, while DIN and phosphate concentrations in water reservoirs were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Rev. Anantharaman P (2): World Health Organization; Agua T, Prog. The results in this study suggest that E. acoroides seedlings rely energetically in the reserves within the seedling and that increasing temperature might result in faster seedling development, although no interactions with other organisms were tested. Maha-Anan-Ta-Khun, Ya-Kae-Sama-That, Prab-Chom-Phu-Tha-Weep.14-15 Pharmacological activities of extracts and isolated compounds of E. acoroides have been reported including antioxidant,10-11 antifeedant, antibacterial, antilarval, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity.10,16 Rough extract of E. acoroides that contains polysaccharide and other substances has been shown to have antiviral (CVB3, HSV-1) and antibacterial activities and to activate insulin secretion.11, Many chemical compounds of E. acoroides have been studied. Values are mean ± SE (n = 6). Mar. Mar. Article Id (publisher-id): PharmacognJ-10-6s-89. Native Introduced Native and Introduced Short, F. T., and Neckles, H. A. Herbivory and resource availability shift plant defense and herbivore feeding choice in a seagrass system. J. Exp. The present study provides useful information for standardization and characterization of E. acoroides in the market. 2006. Leaf, seed and root nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content (%N and %C, respectively) was analyzed on previously dried (60°C, 48 h) and powdered seagrass tissue samples. Aquat. In this study, the eutrophic conditions in the high nutrient treatment aquaria are confirmed by the enhanced microalgae growth and the significant effect on some adult seagrass biochemical traits, including higher leaf nitrogen, free amino acid content or enhanced leaf SA (Viana et al., in prep). Regional losses may be even higher in the tropics, such as in Indonesia, where 75% loss has been reported in the last 5 years (Unsworth et al., 2018). 23, 4530–4543. doi: 10.1126/science.1159328, Todgham, A. E., and Stillman, J. H. (2013). The distribution of tropical seagrasses with relation to their tolerance of high temperatures. , authors. Togean Tojo Una-Una Biosphere Reserve is located in the centre of the world’s coral reef triangle, which has the highest diversity of coral species in the world. After drying, the plate was examined under ultraviolet light (254 and 366 nm) and sprayed with anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid spray reagent. The balance of nutrient losses and gains in seagrass meadows. Proc. Has an estuary. About 2.0 g of E. acoroides rhizome powder was accurately weighed in wide mouthed flat weighing bottles. Mwangi JW, As seagrass traits and functions sustaining different ecosystem services and the stressors that affect them are species-specific, multi-specific assemblages have a greater probability of containing a greater functional diversity, but also greater losses (Duarte, 2000). doi: 10.1002/ecy.1625, Paling, E. I., and McComb, A. J. 1. Ecol. (A) Nutrient and temperature split-plot experimental design. On the contrary, nutrient responses of seedlings were practically absent, suggesting they could rely on internal reserves. Ecol. This is in contrast to previous studies on subtropical and temperate seagrass species that showed negative effects on seedling performance under increasing temperatures (Abe et al., 2009; Niu et al., 2012; Guerrero-Meseguer et al., 2017; Pereda-Briones et al., 2019). Perifiton merupakan organisme mikro yang memiliki asosiasi dengan cara menempel pada bagian daun lamun. The staple method was used to transplant seagrass Enhalus acoroides. (2): The biosphere reserve is home to around 149,214 people, the great majority of whom are local people (fisherman) in the transition area in the main settlements of the city of Ampana. PLoS ONE 8:e76377. The leaves are simple, alternate distichous, straight up, flat, very long and ribbon-like 1–2 cm wide and 30 cm – 1.5 m long. Planting seedlings is a cost-efficient method for large-scale seagrass meadow restoration. Therapeutic values and the chemical compounds found in crude drug materials are usually variable and depend on many factors. Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4165(89)80016-9, Glasby, T. M., Taylor, S. L., and Housefield, G. P. (2014). Annu. Bull. The procedures was similar to that used for ethanol extraction except that chloroform water was used instead of ethanol. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.05.034, Touchette, B. W., Burkholder, J. M., and Glasgow, H. B. Jr. (2003). Six aquaria were placed in 4 different ETs following a split-plot experimental design with nutrient treatments nested within the 4 ETs set at the two temperatures (Figure 1A). The TLC were developed in a glass chamber containing toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: formic acid (3: 4: 1: 1) v/v as the mobile phase.