Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In the past, slaves had been captives from war or children sold off by impoverished parents. But they also lose potential mineral wealth, and have to deal with pollution from the mine. 2010. The Atlantic Triangular Trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries featured the transportation of trinkets from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Caribbean, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and rum from New England to Europe. The correct answer is the opposite of what is typically expected in colonialism. My Geography teacher is also going to write a blog about what she teaches me (and therefore what I should have learnt!) Varsity Tutors. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (58) Antecedent Boundary. In addition to the violence of the conquest itself, a variety of consequences were felt by colonized societies. The trade did not feature the transportation of tobacco from Europe to the Americas. So is Iceland. Please follow these steps to file a notice: A physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf; So why is English spoken so widely there? At the time of colonization, Europe was much more densely populated than the Americas. Yet in their second assault, they were successful. Brautigam, Deborah. Those that fell on the Portuguese side of this arbitrary line now live in Brazil and continue to speak Portuguese; those that fell on the Spanish side live in the rest of South America and continue to speak Spanish. Ethnic groups that were hardest-hit by the slave trade exhibit lower trust and poorer economic success than their neighbors who were less devastated by slavery (Nunn and Wantchekon 2009). The volcanoes of Lemnos, an island in the Mediterranean, and Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, were believed to be the forges of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. Despite having achieved independence half a century ago the economy of Algeria remains closely tied to the economy of France. The semiperiphery is composed of areas in between the core and periphery. Blaut, J. M. 1989. Explain how indigenous languages have been under threat from primary economic activities in the Americas since the 1970s. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Nunn, N., and L. Wantchekon. Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. A related theory was environmental determinism. First, it led to efforts by colonizers to wipe out or prevent the practice of native cultural traditions. Advanced Placement Human Geography (also known as AP Human Geo, AP Geography, APHG, AP HuGe, AP HuG, AP Human, or HGAP) is an Advanced Placement social studies course that studies human geography.The test is administered by College Board.. The taxes were often timed to force native producers to sell their crops at times of the year when markets were glutted and thus prices were low. KEY QUESTION #2: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Thus, if you are not sure content located Techniques ranging from aid packages with strings attached, to direct military intervention, were used to install friendly regimes, with little regard to the consequences for the prosperity of the people in the countries in question (Faber 2002). But eventually, the system becomes too rigid and overexploits its resources, and there is a downswing (Chew 2001). Included a large amount of ethnic and cultural groups Why are Empires not States? Slavery had existed for a long time in both Europe and Africa. In the 1300s, this world system experienced a decline (Abu-Lughod 1989). 2014 AP® Human Geography Free-Response Questions The following comments on the 2014 free-response questions for AP® Human Geography were written by the Chief Reader, Don Zeigler, Old Dominion University, Virginia Beach Higher Education Center in Virginia Beach, Va. 2. Britain and other powers extracted tax breaks and special deals as well as trade monopolies over certain regions. These continents proved far more lucrative for Europe than any trade route. Economic historians calculate that the emergence of Europe as the core of the world economy occurred relatively late in history -- possibly as late as 1850. 2009. The real disagreement was over how big the earth was. Struggle in Ogoniland: Ken Saro-Wiwa and the cultural politics of environmental justice. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (3): 369–385. The solution was simple: Britain banned India from exporting textiles. K. Anderson et al., 544-556. The unreliability of India's climate had led native princes to develop systems to accumulate and store food during good years, and redistribute that food in bad ones. 5 Shapes of Countries. The Greeks had calculated a relatively accurate figure -- 39,690 km around, as compared to an actual measurement of 40,008 km. Independent states are the building blocks of the of world political map. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The effects of four centuries of slave trade on Africa are still apparent, a mere century and a half after its end. The Berlin Conference was convened in 1884 with the intention of dividing up the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy). discuss environmental determinism in detail later, Kenya: Post-election violence not spontaneous. Pomeranz, K. 2000. Nevertheless, European powers were able to use their increasing control over world trade to force China into making trade concessions favorable to Europe (Davis 2001). Human Development Index. Three key factors explain why European diseases were so devastating to Native Americans, whereas with the exception of syphilis, no American diseases ever became a problem for Europeans: domestic animals, population size, and time (Dobson and Carper 1994). One long-popular theory was race: Europeans, and their descendants elsewhere in the world, were said to be simply more intelligent and harder-working (Kobayashi 2003). Numerous colonies still exist today -- for example, the US controls places such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and some native activists argue that Hawaii is more colony than state. The definition of cultural diffusion (noun) is the geographical and social spread of the different aspects of one more cultures to different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, regions, etc. For any given disease, human genetic variation will produce people with a variety of levels of susceptibility to the disease. Losing these workers made Africa more dependent on European goods and less able to produce for itself. This meant that they had a lot of land to give away, but were at a distinct military disadvantage against inland tribes who had not been hit so hard, and thus they wanted allies. But economic historians have also identified long-lasting waves of economic growth and decline, lasting several hundred years. The East India Company ruled the colony as a corporate asset for 100 years, until the British government took over and ran the colony for another 100 years. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. Faber, Daniel 2002. Geographies of Postcolonialism is a very accessible introduction to colonialism, post-colonialism and postcolonial geographies. We're familiar with short-term economic ups and downs, which last perhaps a few years at a time. Many of the most-spoken languages around the world are European, with the number of speakers vastly outweighing the population of that language's country of origin. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Slave traders naturally preferred able-bodied young men and women, who were the productive backbone of pre-slave-trade African economies. Infectious diseases and human population history. Colonial rulers charged native people taxes that must be paid in cash -- in contrast to native rulers, who had accepted payment in grain, hides, or other products. As trade routes began to grow again, European rulers and merchants committed themselves to capturing more of the trade surplus -- to becoming less of a semiperiphery and more of a core part of the world economic system. But Columbus was convinced that the Earth was smaller than that, and therefore that he could sail all the way to China (Blaut 1989). Such activities have continued since the fall of the USSR. Please be advised that you will be liable for damages (including costs and attorneys’ fees) if you materially The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed between the empires of Spain and Portugal in 1494. But why those countries instead of others? The population of the Americas, on the other hand, was smaller, less densely settled, and less tightly linked into long-distance trade. Other areas of the colonies were less climatically similar to Europe, but they produced many of the most important commodities such as sugar and tobacco. Mamdani, Mahmood. PLAY. India and China were the dominant economic powers in this system. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. Beaujard, Philippe. India's major commodity export for a long time had been textiles, produced in rural shops all through the region. Smallpox derives from cowpox, measles from rinderpest, and human influenza from related diseases of a variety of livestock. 1904. DBHS AP Human Geography 2012-13 Monday, November 5, 2012. The bluntest instrument was to simply seize land and convert it into plantations run by Europeans. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent with fossil evidence of human beings (Homo sapiens) and their ancestors through each key stage of their evolution. Other portions of the system, called the periphery, experience a loss of wealth due to their participation in the system. For example, researcher… Political Geography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The slave trade exacerbated conflicts among kingdoms and tribes in Africa. 2005. 2020 AP Test Changes Due to COVID-19. La Crónica del Perú. Joni Adamson, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein, 229-246. If Varsity Tutors takes action in response to They came to believe that they were an inferior or backward people and that the only hope lay in assimilating to the colonizer's culture. Basic and Non-Basic Industries. Economic activity in ex-colonies continued to be funded by investors in the former colonizer, and products were bought and sold by companies based in the former colonizer (Davis 2001). The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Example Questions . During the growth phase, economic activity picks up, populations rise, and the volume of trade between regions increases. For example, English farming systems involving wheat, peas, and cattle could be recreated in the northeastern US with little effort. … This was most notable during the Cold War between the US and USSR. And if the white race is not biologically distinct from other races, then we can’t explain the economic growth of Europe on the basis of biological characteristics. Krech, S. 1999. The American Prospect, April 28. Meanwhile, Papua New Guinea may receive a few low-paying jobs. One of the reasons that Europe had remained in the semiperiphery of the world economy before 1492 was that there was little that Europe could produce that China and India wanted. The colonies' external trade was controlled by the ruling power (so they couldn't trade with China themselves), and they were often forbidden from developing their own manufacturing base to compete with the mother country. They told themselves it was their task to bring civilization to the backwards peoples of the world -- a task labeled "the white man's burden" by British author Rudyard Kipling. For a disease to persist in a population, it needs to strike a balance between being too virulent and not virulent enough (Dobson and Carper 1994). Indochina, often called French Indochina, was a colonial possession of the French Empire until the decolonization period that followed World War II. Describe how historically the political geography of colonialism affected indigenous languages. For example, imagine what happens when a mining company opens a new mine in Papua New Guinea. Moreover, the net effect of colonization in some cases was to exacerbate ethnic tensions. Today, geographers hold that one critical piece of the puzzle of the rise of the West is colonialism. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. If you've found an issue with this question, please let us know. But the granting of formal independence did not necessarily end the economic … Rather, the tribe had been devastated by a disease epidemic. A revolution in environmental justice and sustainable development: the political ecology of Nicaragua. on or linked-to by the Website infringes your copyright, you should consider first contacting an attorney. But unfortunately for China, there are few silver mines in its territory. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. STUDY. the brand of aggressive, militaristic colonialism that emerged in the second-half of the nineteenth century, the spread and globalization of western, particularly American, culture, the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers, the dependence of many of the world’s poorest countries on the United States of America for food and aid. University of Washington-Seattle Campus... University of South Florida-Main Campus, Current Undergrad, International Studies. your copyright is not authorized by law, or by the copyright owner or such owner’s agent; (b) that all of the One major commodity that China did demand from the outside world was precious metals, particularly silver (Frank 1998). The Domino Theory. In the Americas, lands were cut up into haciendas run by Spanish or Portuguese masters, with poor and native people having little option but to work for the masters (even if they weren’t formally enslaved). information described below to the designated agent listed below. Today there is fear among some political players that China's rapid economic growth is giving them the means to compete with the US, Japan, and Europe in manipulating poorer countries (Brautigam 2010). Start studying AP Human Geography Unit 4 (Political Human Geography- Imperialism | Colonialism | Decolonization) Review. Pre-colonial economies in many areas were oriented toward production for local subsistence. Colonialism: Colonialism refers to the act of a group of people from one nation going to other parts of the world and forming settlements. But European settlement was particularly heavy in areas that have come to be known as neo-Europes -- Canada, the US, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay in the Americas, as well as South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. A statement by you: (a) that you believe in good faith that the use of the content that you claim to infringe Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Here, the European rulers relied heavily on slaves brought from Africa. European trade goods, particularly guns, quickly became necessities. But by the late 1400s, the world economy was on its way back. Europe had a breakthrough in 1492 with the voyage of Christopher Columbus (Blaut 1993). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Transportation of which of the following was NOT part of the Atlantic Triangular Trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries between the Americas (American colonies and the Caribbean), Europe, and Africa? 2001. In practice this meant stripping the colonies of their raw resources, bringing them back to Europe, and either storing them or using them in manufacturing. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. Heartland and Rimland Theory. A ruler who acquired guns from the Europeans in exchange for slaves was at a political and military advantage vis-a-vis neighbors who did not participate in the slave trade. 4. Varsity Tutors LLC OR. Raiding neighboring villages or even selling off members of your own tribe served as insurance against becoming a victim of the slave trade yourself -- sell them before they sell you (Nunn and Wantchekon 2009). First was the scale. Frenkel, Stephen. The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa, Soul wound: the legacy of Native American schools, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Introduction of diseases into "virgin" territory, Mass migration of colonized peoples into the colonizing country. which specific portion of the question – an image, a link, the text, etc – your complaint refers to; Whilst Algeria accounts for a little over one-percent of French trade (making it relatively insignificant to France), France accounts for a quarter of Algerian trade (making it extremely significant to Algeria). 1992. Origins of the Modern World System [link]. Flashcards. Only a few of today's countries were never ruled by a European or neo-European power, and even those came under heavy European influence in their internal affairs and ability to participate in the world market. Seville. It was Europe that stumbled upon them simply because Europe was located much closer to the Americas than China or India were. Wallerstein’s World System’s Theory divides the world into core nations and periphery nations, which closely parallels neocolonial ideas. Daily Nation. Prior to that, other regions of the world, specifically China and India, could be considered the core (Frank 1998). To gain control over the world economy, Europe had to take out its competition. Created by. Berkeley: University of California Press. At this time, most of the Eastern Hemisphere -- from Britain to Japan, and from Russia to Zimbabwe -- was connected in one large trade network (Abu-Lughod 1989), shown in Figure 2. While Asians had little interest in Europe's poorer-quality textiles, ceramics, etc., settlers in European colonies had little choice but to buy them. As discussed earlier, the world economy goes through cyclical ups and downs. Each downswing is an opportunity for the system to be reorganized as different powers seize the advantage. Other natural resources and agricultural products were important as well (Pomeranz 2000). Structure of contemporary political map. This video goes over everything you need to know about the different types of diffusion. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. (Clear inference of communication barriers being overcome.) Chase-Dunn, Christopher, and Thomas D. Hall. As historian Janet Abu-Lughod put it, "the 'fall of the East' preceded the 'Rise of the West'" (Abu-Lughod 1989). Semiperipheral areas often aspire to become the core, in order to reap the rewards of long-distance trade. The construction of geographical knowledge -- racialization, spatialization. Given this history, it is not surprising that the entitlement theory of famine was developed by Amartya Sen, an Indian. The Americas, on the other hand, produced only three domesticated animals -- turkeys, llamas and alpacas, and guinea pigs (Native Americans also had dogs, which were brought from Asia). Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. The plague originated with rats from central Asia. 2007. This was most famously done at the 1884 Berlin Conference, when the major European powers drew up a map allocating colonial control of Africa, disregarding any native ethnic or political boundaries as well as natural features (Chamberlain 1999). Federal and Unitary States. Start studying Colonialism (APHG Unit 3). 1. misrepresent that a product or activity is infringing your copyrights. The Scramble for Africa. The difference was that while the Spanish were regrouping, a plague (historians think it was likely smallpox) wiped out many of Tenochtitlan's warriors. improve our educational resources. During the last few decades of the nineteenth century, and the early twentieth century, the European imperial powers carved the continent of Africa among themselves. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. AP Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary. Colonizing powers brought with them a conviction that race is a biologically real phenomenon, and so they interpreted many differences in culture or economic way of life among colonized peoples as racial differences. Ships sailing in the Mediterranean were blocked by the African, Arabian, and central Asian land masses, the rulers of which could limit trade or extract taxes from merchants. India fell first. The Berlin Conference was primarily concerned with __________. Explanation: “Environmental determinism” is a theory of cultural geography that states that cultural traditions, and the differences between various cultures, are informed by environmental concerns.This had racial connotations during the age of European colonialism. 1. mgettenberg. Finally, the American colonies provided a captive market for European manufactured goods (Blaut 1993). (Note that contrary to popular myth, the Chinese did not use gunpowder solely for fireworks -- indeed, one would have to be rather dense to invent something that makes a dramatic explosion, and not figure out that you could use it to kill someone!) As geographers, we are interested in the way that the spatial arrangement of societies may influence the development of economic systems. On the political front, countries in the European/neo-European core used their greater power to interfere with the affairs of ex-colonies around the world. Imperialism. Your teacher may choose to organize the course content differently based on local priorities and preferences. The end of formal colonialism is usually dated to the mid-1800s for the Western Hemisphere, and the mid-1900s for the Eastern. Emory University. In his essay "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," sociologist Max Weber argued that the Protestant doctrine of predestination -- which held that God had already decided who would go to Heaven and who would go to Hell, and there was nothing an individual could do about it -- caused people to work hard and invest their savings in the economy rather than wasting them on Earthly pleasures. The term “Neo-colonialism” has emerged in recent years to refer to the continued economic dependence of colonies on their former occupiers. London: Routledge. This theory too has been discredited, as no evidence exists to support it. A description of the nature and exact location of the content that you claim to infringe your copyright, in \ None of these are the sort of herd animals that commonly pass diseases to humans (Diamond 1997). In Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy, eds. The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Yet at the same time, the increased economic activity generated by the influx of American silver and other resources, as well as a population boom fueled by new American crops like potatoes and maize, was causing the economies of China and India -- the old cores -- to expand too (Frank 1998). Language ex³nc³on, both currently and throughout history, has been a major concern for cultural geographers, linguists, anthropologists, and other academics. In Africa, it was common for the best and most fertile lands to be seized by British colonists, forcing native Africans to crowd into poorer lands (Rocheleau 1995). The end of formal colonialism is usually dated to the mid-1800s for the Western Hemisphere, and the mid-1900s for the Eastern. © 2007-2020 All Rights Reserved, The term Neo-colonialism is used to refer to, France is currently by far the biggest trading partner of Algeria, this is most accurately described as, The Treaty of Tordesillas primarily concerns the division of, The Berlin Conference was primarily concerned with, SAT Courses & Classes in San Francisco-Bay Area. As the silver flowed toward China, a variety of commodities -- textiles, spices, ceramics, and others -- flowed back toward Europe. Colonization also imposed new boundaries on colonized lands. Three Types of Empires. Asian manufacturing was much more productive than that of Europe. Which of the following is not an issue typically associated with colonialism? Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research. The world economy has a three-tier structure. Amnesty Magazine. A review on the different types of diffusion with review questions. Irredentism refers to the belief that territory outside a given state should be made part of the state due to a large amount of people living there of the same ethnicity as live in the state in question or due to the state having historically been in possession of the territory. Under British rule, these programs were eliminated. With the help of the community we can continue to Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Extracting resources from the Americas got Europe into the economic game, making it more competitive and richer, and giving it the ability to become an important middleman in intra-Asian trade as well as trading directly for Asian goods. Once the American colonies (Figure 3) were conquered, the new European rulers had to find someone to extract the resources and produce the products that would make the colonies worthwhile. Diamond, Jared M. 1997. In order to explain how "the West" became the core of our current world economic system, we have to go back to a time when it wasn't. 1998. Territory is not clearly defined – boundaries were not set or recognized. In The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy, eds. International Trade Approach & Self Sufficient Approach. It draws on a comprehensıve range of sources in outlining the linkages between knowledge, power and representation of the colonial image. The distinguishing feature of the neo-Europes is the similarity of their climates to that of Europe. C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. Your Infringement Notice may be forwarded to the party that made the content available or to third parties such Comfort, Susan. New international division of labor. In particular, Europeans brought with them steel (known since antiquity but greatly improved by Indian smiths), and guns (invented by the Chinese). Long-distance trade fell off as people focused on maintaining their own local livelihoods. Frank, Andre Gunder, and Barry Gills, eds. Frank, Andre Gunder. In Rwanda, for example, the sharp (and allegedly racial) divide between Hutus and Tutsis, and the privileging of the Tutsis that formed the basis of Hutu resentment, were created by the Germans and Belgians during their rule (Mamdani 2001). Chew, Sing C. 2001. Post-Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism [link]. One important synthesis of the way these spatial arrangements work is World Systems Theory. This helps to solidify control of the colony. This is a simple matter of evolutionary biology. An economic recession in the mid-1700s created an opportunity for the British East India company to move in and take over, uniting the various empires and principalities into a colony encompassing what are now the nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (Frank 1998). The types include, nations, states, nation-states, multinational states, multistate nations, and autonomous regions. 2009. … Here's another fun fact: the Angles never lived in Hong Kong. "The West" is a vague term roughly corresponding with the developed world or global North, excluding Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. Thus, millennia of living with various diseases had turned them into childhood nuisances but not terrible plagues for Europeans. Journal of World History 16 (4): 411-465. The geography and climate of the Mediterranean region, for example, directly influenced Greek mythology. 2010. A. Rights verus rites: when it comes to the lives of women around the globe, do local traditions ever trump human rights? By the end of the colonial era, the world economy had been remade to place Europe and the neo-Europes in a dominant position. an economic theory that emphasizes favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals, a political theory that emphasizes personal liberty and autonomy, but also competition and antagonism, an economic theory that emphasizes freedom from government intervention, a political theory that emphasizes cooperation and communalism and the suppression of individuality. More on Machakos. What Columbus found, of course was that there were two whole continents lying west of Europe and east of China. “Mercantilism” was the prevailing economic theory during the first few centuries of European expansion and colonialism. Write. Sundberg, J. Examples of colonialism include the ancient Greek colonization of Sicily, the Spanish colonization of South America, the Viking colonization of Normandy and the British colonization of Australia. Timber and other forest products like turpentine were also important. Rocheleau, D. 1995. As late as 1793, the Chinese Emperor Ch'ien Lung bragged to King George III of England: "I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country's manufactures" (Frank 1998). CREATE AN ACCOUNT Create Tests & Flashcards. Cultural Geography Historic Cultures Indigenous cultures shaped, and were shaped by, the geography of Australia and Oceania. There are many types of cultural diffusion, and in this guide we will go over the types and provide examples. Infringement Notice, it will make a good faith attempt to contact the party that made such content available by BioScience 46 (2): 115-126. More specifically, we know that the industrial revolution began in the English Midlands, and spread first to the rest of Europe and North America. •Example: people may choose to move because of a major problem that almost forces them to move •Example: people may feel they will eventually be forced to move, so they voluntarily move . Those who saw the harm in this internalization then reacted by simply flipping to the other side and rejecting anything that allegedly carried the taint of the colonizer. Marks the beginning of the modern state system Treaty between princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire Ended destructive religious war –The Thirty Year War Recognized the rights of rulers within defined AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Final Free Practice Test Instructions Choose your answer to the question and click 'Continue' to see how you did. The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the Sixteenth Century. Mercantilism is best defined as __________. European trade with Asia was further hampered by a lack of easy trade routes to the East. Learn. Each of these concessions was then exploited to further tighten Europe's grip on the Chinese economy. In the 1950s, part of a wider global movement away from imperialism and political colonization, the countries that made up Indochina gained their independence. Give a real world example for each way. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. This continuation of unequal economic relationships despite an end to formal political control is called neo-colonialism. Second, the trans-Atlantic slave trade was highly racialized. If there was nothing but ocean between Europe and China, the sailing ships available in Europe at the time could not make the voyage. (1500's-1700's) European colonialism in Africa (1800's-1900's) Wallerstein's World-systems theory. In any widespread economic system, a division into a core, semiperiphery, and periphery can emerge. AP Human Geography Unit 3 FRQs 1. Explain how colonialism a±ected global paTerns of language and religion using speci²c examples to support your argument. Colonial Riches and the Asian Trade [link]. This college-level course introduces students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and … 2002. One mechanism was taxation (Watts 1983). Thus, the diseases that people in Afro-Eurasia got from their livestock could easily find new victims in the local area, and pass on to new areas when the local epidemic's peak passed. Home Embed All AP Human Geography Resources . Weber, Max. In his first assault on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, Hernán Cortéz's forces -- armed with guns, swords, steel armor, and war horses -- were defeated by the Aztecs. During this contraction phase, regions refocus on local subsistence and trade declines. It is one of the most significant events during the age of imperialism (circa 1870-1914). Society and Natural Resources 21 (7): 569-582. link to the specific question (not just the name of the question) that contains the content and a description of In Peru, Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas by taking advantage of a civil war that broke out when a disease (probably smallpox as well) killed the emperor Huayna Capac and his designated heir, Ninan Cuyochi. Environment 37 (7): 3-5, 42-43. 6. At least a few Europeans settled in every colony, in order to run its affairs and direct the production of wealth for the ruler. Europeans did not colonize the interior of Africa during this period (though they would do so later, after the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade). Often, the governing country uses the colony for its resources, taking what is useful without regard to the original inhabitants. Then click 'Next Question' to answer the next question. Large areas of the world have been integrated into single economic systems for a long period of time. The full slideshow can be purchased at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Eil… The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. The Rostow model is wrong because colonialism disrupts the natural pattern of industrialization. We will discuss environmental determinism in detail later. Colonizing powers brought with them worldviews that said that Europeans were culturally, racially, and morally superior. Explain the degree to which globalization can explain the loss of indigenous languages in Africa since the 1970s. AP Human Geography Help » Political Organization of Space » Evolution … It depopulated significant swaths of land, which then reverted to disease-infested swamps. Placing race in environmental justice research in Latin America. The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years? This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP Human Geography Exam. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. sufficient detail to permit Varsity Tutors to find and positively identify that content; for example we require Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. Barnard College, Current Undergrad, Mathematics-Statistics, Political Science. Chamberlain, Muriel E. 1999. This made it easy for the package of plants and animals that support the European way of life to be transferred to the new colonies (Crosby 1986). So as the American colonies began to gain their independence, European colonial efforts shifted to the east (Figure 5). But the trans-Atlantic slave trade differed in several crucial ways. This often leads to mistreatment of the original inhabitants, degradation of the local environment, and introduction of previously unknown diseases. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Examples of Empires. For now, we can summarize by saying that some people argued that the temperate climate of Europe was invigorating to its inhabitants, whereas tropical climates in much of the rest of the world made people lazy and sensual (Frenkel 1992). A disease that is too slow to infect new victims will disappear, as everyone who has it dies or gets better without passing it on to new victims. St. Louis, MO 63105. Hold on to your hats! Humans caught these diseases by domesticating animals like cattle, sheep, and chickens. But Europe's advantages in military technology alone would have been insufficient to guarantee victory. Rather, the system is typically organized so that the bulk of the profits accrue to one area of the world, called the core. and hopefully the two blogs will match up. China's economy ran on a silver standard, and so economic growth created an enormous hunger for silver. Mahan's Sea Power Theory . Wallerstein's World System Theory. In many cases, that was British consumers rather than Indian ones. If they succeeded in their economic endeavors, people would take that as proof that they were favored by God and thus likely to be among those predestined for Heaven (Weber 1904). mining). The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa. Match. Since Papua New Guinea is so poor, they lack the power to say no to the foreign mining company, or to mine the minerals themselves. Kobayashi, Audrey. 1553. In China, the colonizing impact was less direct, as no European power ever directly ruled China. In this article, we'll go through the structure of the free-response section, some helpful tips for answering AP Human Geography FRQs, examples of what these free-response questions look like, and a few places where you can find the best practice materials. Acquisition of deadly diseases from animals continues today, with recent concerns over bird flu and swine flu. Send your complaint to our designated agent at: Charles Cohn 1994. hunting or native forms of agriculture) (Smith 2007). A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially … Conquest, De-population, and Re-population [link]. While they were set up as colonies, the wholesale transfer of the European way of life to these areas enabled them to become rivals to the European homelands, and even, in the case of the US, capture the status of global economic core. an Over time, only the genes conferring high resistance to the disease will be left. Start studying Ap Human Geography Unit 4. This form of economic control over a former colony is known as “Neo-colonialism.”. Which of these European imperial powers is not correctly matched with an African territory it received in the Berlin Conference or conquered during the Scramble for Africa? New York: Oxford University Press. Blaut, J. M. 1993. Part A: 1 point total. 3. Colonizing powers used a variety of techniques to shift economic activity toward cash cropping and resource extraction (e.g. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. 2003. Common definition: A language that facilitates communication or trade between people who speak different native languages. Colonialism also created ideological subordination. The implication of the term is that, although the colonial powers no longer exert political or militaristic control over the former colonies, they are still able to control the population of these countries to variable degrees through economic and cultural processes. So the colonial rulers brought about two major migration streams: settlers from Europe, and slaves from Africa. A huge variety of theories have been proposed to explain why certain countries have come to dominate the world economy. The pre-European population of the Americas is estimated to have been somewhere in the range of 40 to 80 million, but the population was reduced to only 6 million by 1650 (Denevan 1992). NBER Working Paper 14783. But the granting of formal independence did not necessarily end the economic and political control that the core held over the periphery. 101 S. Hanley Rd, Suite 300 AP Human Geography : Colonialism & Imperialism Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Human Geography. 2008. Dependency Theory. Add To Calendar; Details ; About the Units. It was conquered by the Japanese during the war but returned to France following the conclusion of the war. 2001. 2. London: Longman. A disease that infects too quickly will soon find itself without any new victims because everyone in the population is either dead or healed. Europe had benefited from being connected to the large Afro-Eurasian landmass, giving it access to the technological ingenuity of a large population of people, and creating competition that drove those people to devise new technologies for projecting power over new lands. The work of capturing slaves and bringing them to the European trading ports was done by other Africans. It emphasized maintaining a favorable balance of trade and the accumulation of precious metals. 2. But Britain's emerging industrial economy was also focused (among other things) on textile manufacture. If you believe that content available by means of the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one 1993. It effectively divided the continent of South America between a Spanish-controlled empire and a Portuguese-controlled empire. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2. This distinction remains important to this day, even since independence, because it represents a cultural and linguistic distinction. Geography, empire, and environmental determinism. Lacking access to colonies put a strain on China's production. Search » All » Geography » AP Human Geography ... Japan is in example but their are few states like it. The Americas, on the other hand, had huge untapped deposits of silver. The only way to acquire cash was to grow crops that could be sold to colonial trading monopolies, or to work as a laborer in colonial mines or other jobs. The important idea here is that long-distance trade is not carried on for the equal benefit of all parties. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Goldberg, Michelle. Large economic systems go through boom and bust phases on a long historical time scale. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ChillingEffects.org. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Dobson, Andrew P., and E. Robin Carper. ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. And it undermined African economies. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Rather, tobacco was transported from the Americas, particularly from the American colonies, to Europe. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. The world's major mining companies are headquartered in places like North America and Europe. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical … Science & Society 53 (3): 260-296. The colony is usually the recipient of colonists from the colonizing country, not the other way around. Colonialism refers to the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over. Educated people in Europe had known the world was round since the ancient Greeks proved it around 200 BCE. The first was technological superiority (Diamond 1997). As a result of the vagaries of biogeography, the Afro-Eurasian landmass contained a number of suitable domesticable species. This was in part triggered by the Black Plague. This ideology brought two types of subordination to colonized peoples. We can think of World Systems Theory as making several core propositions (Frank 1998, Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997): 1. Algeria was once a major colony of France and was under French control until the 1960s. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1989. Denevan, William M. 1992. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. the Britain also established a free-market doctrine that undercut India's social support programs (Davis 2001). We learned in an earlier chapter that the idea of race, in the sense of biologically distinct sub-species of humans, was created during the colonial era to justify the social organization of the colonies. This re-cutting of the colonized territory stuck groups long at odds with each other together into the same political unit. Colonialism Essay Directions Hearth Writing Assessment Hearth Writing Assessment (limit 2 pages or 900 words [insert at end of paper]) Describe how your cultural hearth has been affected politically, and/or economically, and/or culturally because of colonialism or imperialism. the "Pax Britannica" established in Africa (Watts 1986). Over time, these trans-regional economic linkages have spread farther and grown stronger, leading eventually to our modern globe-spanning economy. The pattern would be repeated throughout the Americas. This means that the profits from selling the mine's products will go to investors in those regions. One of the perennial questions in the social sciences is to explain "the rise of the West." Colonialism is a process by which a country takes over new land, and reorganizes that land's economy to benefit the colonizing power, rather than to benefit the residents of the colony. The University of Texas at Dallas, Bachelor in Arts, International Political Economy. Of these countries, all are correctly labeled except Mozambique and Great Britain. During the two centuries of British rule in India, India's economy was restructured to benefit Britain (Davis 2001). It was not uncommon for tribes to lose 90% or more of their members. Australia and Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.