2017. The faster height and diameter growth rates of vegetative sprouts in hydric habitats is likely due to an increased flood tolerance conferred by their more developed root systems (Tardif and Bergeron 1999). 04:437-443. First report of the ash dieback pathogen Chalara fraxinea on Fraxinus excelsior in Austria. Black Ash is wind-pollinated and its winged samaras promote wind dispersal (Erdmann et al. Hill-Forde, S. 2004. Journal of Forestry. Schneeberger, and S.A. Katovich. Black Ash is ranked as secure or potentially secure in Canada (N5) and the United States (N5?). Biology and Control of Emerald Ash Borer. May 2016. 56 pp. obs. 374-405. Subpopulations in the central part of the distribution have been devastated by Emerald Ash Borer, an invasive beetle. 982 pp. For. The disease organism occurs in Europe (i.e. Occurrence: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2017. Smart, and R.E. Wilson, R. pers. In Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Black Ash is not ranked (SNR). comm. 16-19. Email correspondence with C.S. (2012) document evidence of Black Ash suppression by deer browsing in Virginia, and White (2012) notes severe reduction in recruitment in Minnesota associated with deer browsing. Queloz, V., C.R. ISBN 1-85153-214-5. Morgantown, WV. McCullough, and T.M. 181:1-20. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Washington DC. Although, it has caused a modest overall decline in known numbers of ash in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba to date, projections indicate that mortality rates will be greater than 90%, and ~73% of the Canadian population is likely to be affected within one generation (60 years) under current climate conditions. Danièle Morin, Forestry Technician, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Port-Menier QC. Presently, Moose occupy all ecoregions on the island at densities commonly exceeding 4/km2, the highest known in North America (McLaren et al. 2016b (draft). 2008. Marchant, and H.J. 2003. They indicated that there was a low chance that the regenerated ash would reach maturity as there is a presence of EAB within the area and documented a 19% infestation rate in the regenerating ash stems. [accessed December 2016], Natural Resources Canada. 2007). In: Mastro, V., D. Lance, R. Reardon and G. Parra (Eds.). 1986; Zogg and Barnes 1995; Loo and Ives 2003; AC CDC 2017). Analysis suggests 27% of Black Ash in Canada could be protected from EAB under current climate because of cold minimum temperatures, though most or all of this protection could be lost within about one generation under predicted levels of climate warming. Kershner, J. Committee on the Status of Wildlife in Canada, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Subcommittee, Gatineau, QC. 2005. Univ. Davis. Gorchov, and K.S. American Midland Naturalist. The proportion of Black Ash within the ash killed thus far is likely fairly low, as White Ash and Red Ash are considerably more numerous than Black Ash within the regions most affected to this point (Blaney pers. Discussion of suppression of broad-leaved species to enhance conifer regeneration, which often follows commercial forest harvesting, is given under Wood and Pulp Plantations below. Van Driesche (Ed.). 1973. Not separable from climate change. 121:1749-1760. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20305.x. Aime. Total cumulative area experiencing moderate to severe mortality was 235,595 ha as of 2016, including 4,688 ha added in 2016 (Rowlinson 2017; Figure 4). arundinaca) (Palik et al. Tree species range shifts at a continental scale: new predictive insights from a process-based model. Textbook of Dendrology: covering the important forest trees of the United States and Canada 5th Ed. Pomerleau, R. 1944. Diversity and Distributions. The majority of Black Ash’s Canadian range is within regions of relatively contiguous forest, differing from the moderately to highly fragmented nature of much of heavily EAB-impacted areas of the United States and southernmost Ontario and Quebec. Blaney), Botanist (D.M. Herms, D. Hartzler, D.G. In Canada, the biological control program for EAB is still in its early stages, led by the Canadian Forest Service’s Great Lakes Forestry Research Centre, but it is developing its own rearing capacity and is continuing with a program of expanding research releases (Ryall 2017). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On the Use of Herbicides in Canadian Forest. 87:S59. Derivation of the values is fully described in Blaney et al. As a highly culturally significant species, Black Ash may have been deliberately dispersed by First Nations in historical times (see review in MacDougall 2003). 2011. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. to Estonia: is it related to the current epidemic on European ash (F. excelsior L.)?. Black Ash has a significant ecological, ethnobotanical and cultural importance. (2006) found documented seed dispersal up to 1.4 km in European Ash and estimated that seed dispersal was up to six times more effective than pollen dispersal in maintaining genetic connectivity among remnant stands. Knight K.S., D.A. Sabine, M. pers. 2014. These distances are less than the 1,110 km to 1,300 km distance EAB has already covered from Detroit-Windsor to the peripheries of its current distribution at Winnipeg and Edmundston, New Brunswick (Figure 5). Chiltoskey. pp. It has an intermediate light requirement and a tendency toward greater abundance in more alkaline sites. Plant Health Progress. Rust spores released in spring infect newly emerging ash leaves, petioles and green twigs, occasionally leading to defoliation (Douglas 2008). 1986. The following characters collectively distinguish Black Ash from other Canadian ash species: Three photos showing, respectively, (top) the leaves, (bottom left) the samaras, and (bottom right) the twigs of the Black Ash. The most significant research that indicates some potential for ash persistence is outlined below. 2017; Ormes pers. National Tree Seed Centre seed lot database and Forest Insect and Disease Survey database. 10 pp. Devine. First North American record of the palearctic species Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Tluczek, and D.G. Fraxinus americana L. var. For. Forest Ecology and Management. Wiley, NY. Alces. 2017. 2017. Seed crops and regeneration problems of 19 species in northeastern Wisconsin. 2017 (draft). 2016). Reiners, W.A., and N.M. Reiners. Black Ash Gun Club YEARS OF SHOOTING TRADITION We currently have 4 voice activated, lighted trap fields. Auclair et al. Donna Hurlburt holds a B.Sc. (2018) analyzed the proportion of the Canadian population of Black Ash that might be protected from EAB by cold climate. Ayres, and J.A. Biological Invasions 15: 931–944. Forest Health Program: Then and Now (PDF). 2016). Palmieri, J.M. [accessed January 2017]. NTSC (National Tree Seed Centre). Marchant, T.R. Order: Lamiales (APG 2016) 2008) has suggested major retraction of Black Ash range over the next 100 years in response to climate change (more than any other tree species studied), but they did not use accurate current northern range limits for the species and all climate-range shift models have considerable uncertainty. 2014). October 2014. p. 30. November 2016. Including a small proportion of OMNRF plot records along the southern margin of northern Ontario that were reported as “ash species” and could be Red or White Ash. For the latter three provinces numbers are known to be small enough to be trivial relative to the national population (AC CDC 2017). Blaney, concerning the effects of Emerald Ash Borer on Black Ash in Ontario. Technical Report FS-216. Mattson. 2016; Youngquist et al. 2005. American Forests. 2001; Tingley et al. (2015) examined ash regeneration in the Essex county area (southwestern Ontario) following EAB infestation and found abundant ash regeneration in the area. Mason, P. undated. The durable wood is valued commercially for tool handles, furniture, interior finishing and flooring. 2008. Propagation protocol for Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.). Sturrock, R.N., S.J. Thébaud, C., and M. Debussche. 1972. 48:561-596. City of Saskatoon, Parks Branch. 33(2):70-82. 2015 to 2010 Newfoundland and Labrador Moose Management Plan. Biological Reviews. Can J. Google Patents. Scientific Name: Fraxinus nigra Marshall obs. Palmieri, J.M. 20:176-176. 1999 to 2017). 2017. Map 90-01. Another disease regularly observed in the field is deformation of the female flowers, likely caused by the eriophyid Cauliflower Gall Mite (Aceria fraxinivorus, = Eriophyes fraxinivorus; Morton Arboretum 2017), which prevents seed formation. Google Patents. There is no formal taxonomy of phytoplasmas (bacteria that lack a cell wall in the class Mollicutes). Dimensions 1092 x 638 Allan Harris, Biologist, Principal, Northern Bioscience Ecological Consulting, Thunder Bay ON. Belgishe Dendrologie Belge 2012:38-58. 2018. COSEWIC: Designated Threatened in November 2018. Iverson, M.P. 2016. nov., causative agent of current Dutch elm disease pandemics. Existing large dam reservoirs have flooded 31,575 km2 in those three provinces (Lee et al. (ed). is within zones in which EAB-experienced minimum temperatures average warmer than the most widely cited minimum survivable temperature of -30°C; Table 2); even if the minimum EAB-experienced survivable temperature was only -26°C, that would still leave 50.39% of the Canadian population of Black Ash potentially susceptible to EAB (Table 2). Presentation to: Boreal Forest Health Information Session, Forestry Futures Trust Ontario, Thunder Bay, ON. Criterion C (Small and Declining Number of Mature Individuals): Does not meet criteria. 2015a. She owns and operates an environmental consulting business in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, where a significant portion of her work serves to bridge the gaps between indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge, particularly as it relates to environmental decision making. In Newfoundland, Black Ash is rare and limited to a small portion of the island, mainly along its central western coast. Blaney, concerning the distribution and frequency of Black Ash in northern Ontario. 2017. 2013; Figure 6) than has occurred in Michigan, Ohio and southern Ontario. Road development continues to result in destruction of Black Ash habitat and trees. 2017). pp. The isolation of Newfoundland occurrences may be significant in protecting them from Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) invasion. Forest Health Field Coordinator, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Sault Ste. Cipollini, D.A. Siegert, N.W., A.R. 2005. 2016). pers. 72 pp. McCullough, A.M. Liebhold, and F. Telewski. In Quebec, Black Ash ranges north to the Matagami area near James Bay (50.2ºN) in the northwest and to at least 49ºN in the Côte-Nord region. Drought was considered but not scored. (2013), and it is also uncertain whether this virus is native and previously overlooked or is introduced. Forests. 2010. 2015; Wagner and Todd 2015). Speck, F.G., and R.W. This species is now well-established in the area and could be contributing to greater ash success there. Ottawa ON. The leaves are opposite and pinnately compound and have three to five pairs of leaflets with finely toothed margins. 253(1):112-119. Emery. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Kentville, NS. comm. Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. Some portion of those locations are likely to lose their climatic protection with a warming climate within one Black Ash generation. The disease now called Chalara Dieback was first noted in Poland in the 1990s and has rapidly spread to most eastern, central and northern European countries, decimating populations of European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior; Pautasso et al. 2017. Orwig, R. Field, and G. Motzkin. It is considered data sensitive in Nova Scotia by Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Kliejunas, K.M. Share. Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada, Instructions for the Preparation of COSEWIC Status Reports, Notice sur l’Île Anticosti par Jules Despecher, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (PDF), Hybrid ash tree named ‘Northern Treasure’, Genetic variability and inheritance of nuclear microsatellite markers in Minnesota’s Black Ash (, Change over time in the abundance and distribution of Black Ash in Nova Scotia: Effects of Mi'kmaq traditional use, and recommendations for the best germination technique for province-wide replanting programs (PDF), Mi’kmaw Conservation Group: Black Ash and Native Tree Education and Restoration.