One big example is Kudzu, the vine that ate the south. Here are some results that you may be interested in: According to Webmd[10], there are some troubling side effects that can occur when using Kudzu extract for an extended period of time. Never forget that Kudzu is now considered an invasive species, so even if cows can do a good job of consuming it, that does not mean you can avoid paying careful attention to where the seeds and vines go. Kudzu puts out 5 runners from each crown so if you start with one you will have five vines. Much of the controversy around how much bees actually rely on Kudzu as a pollen source revolves around where purple honey[24] comes from. This particular formula has gone through some peer review testing and has been shown to cut alcohol cravings[3]. You can weave in other materials to create different textiles as well as add dyes for color and design interests. To store the fibers, wind them onto a stick without twisting them. Cousins in NC claim the roots are fattening, but they like the lard. You can imagine how fast this starts to become a twisted mess of vines and roots. Cancers that Kudzu may fight include glioblastoma[6] (a central nervous system cancer), bladder cancer[7], chondrosarcoma (a malignancy in cells that produce cartilage), and others. I CAN SEE THAT IT WOULD BE A GOOD USEFUL PLANT FOR SURVIVAL. We use cookies, just to track visits to our website, we don't store personal details. Use a block of wood or some other object that is the same size as the inner frame of the screen to push down on the paper. Learning how to grow and use kudzu may just be one of the most important things you can do for yourself. THEY VIEW THE PLANT AS A USELESS WEED. To make the fabric, you will need to weave the Kudzu fibers using a loom. Be sure to work with someone licensed to practice TCM so that you can learn how to harvest the necessary parts of the plant and prepare them properly for your needs. No one that did eat then never said what they tasted like. You will need to find a way to dispose of the Kudzu plants that will not release the lead back into the environment. The Secret Medicine From Your Kitchen Cabinet, How To Face The Destructive Power Of Water, Why Bay Laurel Is A Must For Your Prepping Arsenal, https://www.homesteadingtoday.com/threads/pigs-for-kudzu-control.492078/, How To Store Water For More Than 25 Years Without Rotation, How To Store Flour, Sugar And Rice For Survival, 4 Prepping Mistakes You Must Never (Ever!) Improve Recovery after a Heart Attack[8] – Researchers are finding that after a heart attack, the blood vessels within the heart develop alternative pathways in order to deliver oxygen and blood to this vital organ. Even though Kudzu is plentiful during more non-drought seasons as well, proponents of this hypothesis claim that the bees only use Kudzu flowers when they have to. Therefore, if you have a field that has high levels of lead in it, this may be a good plant to grow for a few years. To begin, some researchers[23] have noted that bees and butterflies visit Kudzu flowers as much as they do other types of flowers growing in the area. So far, scientific support for the benefits of kudzu is limited. [1] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-kudzu-vine-ate-south-180956325/, [2] https://www.blueridgeoutdoors.com/magazine/february-2009/powered-by-kudzu/, [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835486/, [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3513565/, [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784920/, [6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538072/, [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766064/, [8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723851/, [9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653511/, [10] https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-750/kudzu, [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142499/, [12] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012963/, [13] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726750/, [14] https://imisrise.tappi.org/TAPPI/Products/PUL/PULP99359.aspx, [15] https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-do-you-make-paper-from-a-tree, [16] http://oko-organic-clothing.blogspot.com/2010/08/making-kudzu-rope-with-drop-spindle.html, [17] http://www.matttommey.com/basket-weaving-techniques/how-to-weave-a-basket-with-kudzu-climbers, [18] http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&context=tsaconf, [19] https://www.gardenguides.com/126788-compost-kudzu.html, [20] http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full/10.4141/cjps10191″ \l “.XHWMxN-vCXI”, [24] https://peregrinfarms.wordpress.com/2014/08/21/purple-honey/. It is still best to ask your doctor and a pharmacist with access to a drug/herbal interaction database, especially if you are using blood thinners or have a clotting disorder. Kudzu overwhelming unknown structures on a hillside. Depending on the age of the vine, you can use either the inner or outer part of the vine. Managing Type II diabetes â Kudzu extract increases cell sensitivity to insulin and can also improve glucose tolerance, as shown in mice[4]. Just remember these plants will not be safe to use for compost, let alone consumed by humans or animals. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. She is currently working on combining vertical container gardening with hydroponics. Paper, animal feed, fibers for weaving, food for humans – the possibilities are amazing. Best used for Hangover and Alcoholic Craving. This will remove excess water and also help make a smoother finish. Next, take the Kudzu fibers and wash them roughly. A researcher, George C. Fahey Jr. discovered that cellulose in plants such as wheat or grass is digested by the animals better if the plant material is treated with an alkaline solution such as hydrogen peroxide first. It was originally exported from Japan in 1876 and was considered an ornamental plant. Kudzu is a fast-growing vine native to the subtropical regions of China and Japan, as well as some other Pacific islands.1, 2 The plant consists of leaves (containing 3 broad oval leaflets), purple flowers, and curling tendril spikes.3, 4 Because the stem grows up to 20 m in length and due to its extensive root system, kudzu has been used to control soil erosion. Even if it is made from pollen gathered from Kudzu flowers, there is no telling if useful molecules pass along to the honey as they do in the case of Manuka Honey. If you are going to use Kudzu as a fertilizer, I recommend growing it in a particular area, and then mix that soil with poorer soil that needs a bit more nitrogen. 2 years ago Very interesting article on kudzu. Oddly enough, this very same molecule behaves a bit like estrogen and can accelerate breast cancer growth in people that are in the advanced stages of the disease. There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Make, 5 Ways To Preserve Milk For Survival And Homesteading, Why Spirulina Is An Extraordinary Food Source During Famines, Top 6 Survival Rifles And Why You Need One. During that time, you will still have to be careful about controlling the spread of Kudzu to other areas. Just make sure that you can identify the plant and tell it apart from other plants that may look similar. You can send Carmela a message at editor [at] survivopedia.com. From 101 Uses of Kudzu Kudzu Quiche 6 servings 4 eggs 2 cups of rice ½ cup finely grated Swiss cheese ½ lb. In order to use kudzu for managing alcoholism, it is important to understand what Kudzu will and will not do. Plants that grow near a water source that shows signs of farm runoff. Fortunately, Kudzu is safe for these animals to consume, and also has a lower risk of causing bloat in cattle than alfalfa. Over the years, we have all heard stories about dangerous plants that the government and media tell us must be destroyed. 2 thoughts on â Mountain roots: Asheville digs into the culinary uses of kudzu â Barbara. SURVIVOPEDIA helps people regain their peace of mind â by becoming more self-reliant and self sufficient in all aspects of life: from putting food on the table, to keeping your loved one safe, and staying in good health. A growing body of research indicates that some chemicals use to fight fires are carcinogens or can cause other serious harm to the body. Fighting Cancer â Puerarin and other molecules found in Kudzu have an ability to trigger programmed cell death in certain types of malignant cells as well as slow down or prevent their ability to reproduce. Kudzu is similar to grass in the sense that humans cannot digest the cellulose in these plants, but cattle, sheep, and goats can. While some sources claim that Kudzu is literally taking over the south, others say that it is not spreading fast, let alone pose a threat to natural habitats. Weâd love your help. Start by marking â101+ Uses for Kudzuâ as Want to Read: Error rating book. While corn is the government sponsored, industry leader in terms of ethanol production, Kudzu actually produces more fuel per acre than corn. Be the first to ask a question about 101+ Uses for Kudzu. Plants growing in areas that have been recently sprayed for insect control. A number of modern researchers have also shown that Kudzu extract can be used to curb alcohol consumption in mice, monkeys, and hamsters. That being said, if you are able to remove lead from soil and water, then you have a better chance of growing safe foods on that land. It literally saved the south after the soils had been degraded by too much cotton production. Even though Kudzu grows very fast, you will still need to allow the pasture to recover from time to time if you have cattle grazing on it. It grows in a tropical climate. Rats that received Kudzu after a simulated heart attack had more compensatory blood vessels than those who did not receive Kudzu. Missouri for instance forces homeowners to get rid of it so there is a lot of ignorance when it regards this plant. Here's what the research says so far about kudzu health benefits. . May Cause or Accelerate Breast Cancer[11] â Studies on this one are controversial at best. salt 1 cup cottage cheese ¼ cup grated parmesan cheese 6Tbl. . It is often used interchangeably in traditional Chinese medicine with thomson kudzu root (Fengen in Chinese), the dried root of P. thomsonii, although the Chinese Pharmacopoeia has separated them into two monographs since the 2005 edition. As with any other paper, store in a cool, dry place where it will not be damaged by insects, vermin, mold, or other harmful organisms. In fact, modern medicine has verified that people treated with kudzu extract do drink less than those who have not ⦠I think they said cut low bale high. Kudzu's root, flower, and leaf are used to make medicine. Reduce cholesterol levels[5] – Even though some studies conducted on rats indicate that Kudzu can help reduce cholesterol levels, other studies do not show a decrease. May Cause Liver Damage or Make Hepatitis Worse[13] – According to studies done in 2015 or before, Kudzu has a number of anti-oxidant molecules in it which actually help protect the liver from damage, especially from drugs that are known to cause injury to this vital organ. Carmela Tyrrell is committed to off gridding for survival and every day life. While any attempt to remove kudzu can be helpful for the overall health of your land, the most effective way to successfully eradicate kudzu is through integrated pest management (IPM). Now, Agro Gas Industries, a small company in East Tennessee, wants to use kudzu as a stock for biofuel. Kudzu is often used as a remedy for heart and circulatory problems and high blood pressure. Plants near areas that have been damaged by wildfires or other large fires that required the usage of chemicals to control. 101+ Uses for Kudzu book. As you may be aware, this form of honey tastes a bit like grape soda, and only appears in hives in the southeastern United States during drought years. For trees, the material used is the wood. Because it also forms smothering vines, it also kills off native plants at an alarming rate. Just pour hot water over the flowers and let it steep for about 5 minutes. Let us know whatâs wrong with this preview of. Kudzu is a source of therapeutic isoflavones â a phytonutrient with anti-cancer, hormone regulations, and cardio-protective properties Kudzu is used in traditional Asian medicine to heal the digestive tract (and discourage alcohol consumption) Kudzu root comes in small blocks that dissolve easily in a water. Nevertheless, these are some things you should consider and find out more about if you plan to use Kudzu. Open Library is an initiative of the Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form.Other projects include the Wayback Machine, archive.org and archive-it.org From dandelions to kudzu, it is always best to do some research on your own before concluding that any naturally growing plant is something that must be gotten rid of at all cost. The plant root is dried and flaked. Since Kudzu leaves taste similar to spinach, you might want to start off with seasonings that you use for this plant. While there is no current research available on the effects of Kudzu on farm animal weight and milk production, you may want to ask farmers or homesteaders that use this food source for their animals to see how it works for them. Kudzu starch is a thickener made from the root of the kuzu plant. It was also used by the railroad companies to help stabilize the land around the tracks[1]. As early as 600 AD, it was used to treat alcoholism. Kudzu leaves are edible, and taste similarly to pea shoots. Don’t think it can grow in my desert b ut good info to know. The external shell of the vine should wash away and leave you with a silky, off white strands of fiber or bast. Kudzu leaves can be consumed raw as salad greens. Even if just one or two seeds slip through, or a viable vine, the plant can quickly regenerate itself and take over your growing area. If I was about 20 years younger, I’d buy one of those “unuseable” farms/homesteads that have been overrun with Kudzu and put my kids to work, turning Kudzu root (Gegen in Chinese) is the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Start off by gathering new kudzu vine growth at the end of summer. Kudzu is ⦠The cellulose is bound together by a molecule called lignin. Kudzu, or Japanese Arrowroot is a legume that produces hearty vines and a great deal of biomass. Rather, you will be more concerned with keeping it from taking over and smothering out other plants. At the very least, if you decide to try beekeeping, you can try giving them plenty of access to Kudzu flowers to see what happens both in terms of the color and taste of the honey as well as its health benefits. And one of the few traditional uses in the South is using the vine flowers to make jelly. The Kuzu Root Starch is extracted from the roots of the kuzu or kudzu plant. Refresh and try again. First, Kudzu will not make you sick if you do consume an alcoholic beverage. A number of studies showed that both humans and animals either took smaller sips of alcohol, or did not consume as many cans of beer even though they were readily available. At least one text dedicated to Chinese medicine indicates that Kudzu, along with one other herb could be used to help prevent drunkenness as well as reduce alcohol intake. Butter or margarine ½ tsp. Unfortunately, the study does not indicate whether or not Kudzu interferes with these drugs. You may also be interested in Declinol, which is a commercial formula that includes Kudzu and several other herbs. Some individuals that raise these animals have noted that baled Kudzu vines is a good bit cheaper. The old timers recommended cut low and bale high. There are many herbs that will provide therapeutic benefits with relatively little preparation. You can also boil, bake, and fry Kudzu leaves, much as you would boil dandelion leaves or coat and fry squash flowers. Next, the lignin must be removed. You can also purchase probiotics that have a live culture of this bacteria. There are several methods that can be used to achieve this including treating the pulp with hydrogen peroxide or other alkali solutions. In the Pacific Rim they use the kudzu root in cooking, teas, and herbal remedies. No matter whether you are interested in making toilet paper, paper to write on, or making paper plates, Kudzu may be a key to your plans. There is also a way to use Kudzu to make ethanol. While you may still need to create some kind of still in order to concentrate the alcohol, you will still have plenty of materials to work with. According to some sources, it can be used to produce an alcohol that is similar in proof to moonshine[2]. Diane Hoots is the author of Kudzu (5.00 avg rating, 2 ratings, 2 reviews, published 1996) and 101+ Uses for Kudzu (0.0 avg rating, 0 ratings, 0 reviews) They do this at intervals on the vine of roughly 1-2 feet. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Originally it was brought to the US for erosion control, which it does admirably, often growing at a rate of 4 inches a day. Some studies indicate that the main ingredient in Kudzu that decreases alcohol consumption needs to be in a higher concentration than you would get from simply consuming the plant. Heavy cream or evaporated milk ¼ tsp. Nevertheless, there are some promising animal studies that tend to back up the claims and observations found in TCM and itâs centuries of experience with humans. (it was usually prescribed as a medicine to combat alcoholism), only recently has it started gaining popularity in alternative herbal health.. The plant root is dried and flaked. 101+ Uses for Kudzu by Diane Hoots, 9781880308141, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. While you can find kudzu vine almost anywhere in the South by taking a drive on a country road, kudzu root is probably most popular by way of a supplement or as kudzu root tea that can be foun⦠That is a reason to have it. Nevertheless, many states consider it a noxious weed and are seeking to eradicate it as quickly as possible. One of them is a farmer who used it to raise cattle etc. Make sure the coils and leaves stay moist so that the coil ferments. This is very different from prescription drugs on the market that may create an aversion to alcohol which would seem to reduce interest in consuming it. Rather, it will curb your interest in alcohol. If you decide to use green Kudzu, try drying it out more slowly and increase or decrease moisture in different parts of the basket in order to reduce warpage. Surprisingly, Kudzu can be used to make a soft, silky, durable fabric[18]. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Kudzu root has also shown to help regulate glucose, AKA sugar, in ⦠Let the fibers dry, and then separate them into strands approximately 1 mm thick. There is considerable controversy over whether or not Kudzu would actually work as a good source of food for bees and other pollinators. Since Kudzu makes vines that climb up trees and others grow at the ground level[17], you will have many sizes and thicknesses to choose from. The soils were getting washed away by rain. They are a potent allergen which blooms at about the same time as ragweed. Kudzu has fast-spreading green foliage with beguiling purple blossoms. Uses For Exotic Invasive Plants Chinese medicine has used kudzu for a couple thousand years, treating everything from stomach cramps and heart ailments to alcoholism. Back in the 1800âs Kudzu was marketed in this country as an ornamental to shade porches, and utilized as a high protein fodder for cattle as well as a cover crop to prevent soil erosion. May slow blood clotting. Gardening 101: Kudzu Kudzu, Pueraria lobata: âThe Mean Green Machineâ. Kudzu was introduced to the United States in the late 1800s to Unfortunately, the site does not provide links to studies or sources to verify these claims. Cheat Sheet. To make rope from Kudzu[16], you will need to use a drop spindle. In its native land, Kudzu has a number of predators that help keep it under control. Cutting it with traditional farm implements is problematic. I knew the leaves could be eaten, but have never tried them myself. Thatâs Malala Yousafzai, Pakistani human rights... To see what your friends thought of this book, Readers' Most Anticipated Books of December. The Kudzu Culture trio source recipe ideas from all kinds of places: old Southern recipe books, kudzu instagram hashtags, and East Asian cooking blogs they run through Google Translate. Unlike studies on Garlic and several other herbs that slow blood clotting, I can find no studies that validate this claim in relation to Kudzu. It will... Keep It Alive. Kudzu is native to Asia, particularly China, Japan and Korea, and has been used in Eastern medicine for centuries. By the early 1900s, use of kudzu was already widespreadâthe Soil Conservation Service even hired hundreds of men to plant kudzu for erosion control in the 1930s. Plants near military bases or other large scale facilities that may release large numbers of chemicals into the ground, water, and air. Ohwi, a semi-woody, perennial and leguminous vine native to South East Asia. This includes over the counter drugs that are manufactured in China or other countries, or have effects/side effects greater than initially suspected. Kudzu is one of the few plants that can take uptake lead and store it in the roots and shoots[20]. Kudzu roots can be baked, boiled, or fried much as you would prepare potatoes. Both sheep[21] and cattle[22] had close to normal weight gain and health profiles vs animals that did not receive pre-treated foods. In fact, if you have a favorite way to prepare leafy green vegetables, you can simply apply it to Kudzu leaves and see how it turns out. Fence it off, let the goats run, if you can, then move them and put in feeder pigs. Aside from Puerarin, Kudzu also contains a molecule known as Genistein[12], which can help prevent cervical, breast, brain, colon, prostate, and esophagus cancers. Unfortunately, if farm animals consume a steady diet of unprocessed Kudzu, they may lose weight or fail to produce as much milk. You will need to spread a thin layer on screen, and then let it dry in order to form the paper. In fact, more than a few studies indicate that Kudzu actually makes paper that is stronger and more durable when undergoing a process similar to the one used to make paper from tree based cellulose[14]. If you know how to dry clay before firing, you can use similar methods applied to the basket. Kudzu flowers are known to have a sweet taste that is similar to grapes. In order to make paper, the lignin needs to be separated out so that the paper lasts longer and maintains its color. The kuzu (Pueraia lobata) plant is a prolific, tough, fibrous vine with heart-shaped leaves that has been used as a food in China for more than 2,000 years. Even though paper is very convenient for many purposes, it is also becoming more expensive to make because of deforestation and costs associated with processing the paper. Even though it is the root of the Kudzu vine that is usually used as a medicine, the flowers and leaves of the plant have medicinal properties too. This process has been used in Japan and China for centuries. Welcome back. Historically, Kudzu root has been used in Japan and China as a source of starch. Plants that grow near landfills, factories, or roadsides. This includes: No matter whether you try to grow Kudzu indoors, or are able to find a suitable source of this plant growing outdoors, you can use it for food in the following ways: Kudzu is known as an invasive species because it was imported from another part of the world and grows better here than native plants that must compete for the same soil, pollinators, and water. At that point, it’s wise to hunt down the root of the kudzu and dig it up. Therefore, it is best to avoid consuming plants that appear to be growing in contaminated areas. You can use Kudzu vines to make baskets when the vine is still green, or wait until it is dry in the fall. Open Library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. I NEVER KNEW KUDZU HAD SO MANY USES. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. nutmeg 6 drops hot sauce Preheat oven to 350 degrees During the dust bowl era of the 1930’s and 1940âs, Kudzu was heavily planted in order to help stop soil erosion. Depending on the color of the paper, you may also need to bleach the mixture in order to make it white, or wait until the paper is formed and simply set it in the sun until it fades. The simplest and least efficient way to use Kudzu is to simply let it dry out and then burn it. Read, borrow, and discover more than 3M books for free. Once the paper is dry, gently lift it from the screen and let it finish drying. Itâs related to five species in the genus Pueraria (P. montana, P. lobata, P. edulis, P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni). Kudzu contains isoflavones, estrogen-like compounds thought to offer various health benefits. More than a few homesteaders find themselves in a position where they need to purchase hay and other foods for cattle, sheep, and goats. Since those predators are not present in the United States, Kudzu grows faster and more easily than native plants. A Remedy for Heart Disease. âLet us remember: One book, one pen, one child, and one teacher can change the world.â These antioxidant compounds give kudzu root a wide range of medicinal uses. If you do choose to work with Kudzu or Declinol, do not forget to check with your doctor first and a pharmacist to make sure it will not interact with any drug or herbal supplement you are currently taking. While you can use Kudzu to help curb alcohol use, it is also important to seek other forms of therapy that will help resolve the underlying issues that lead to excessive drinking. Kudzu leaves, flowers, and roots are edible to humans, however the vines are not. While most people use the climbing vines, you may also want to try the ground level ones to see if they work better for you. Therefore, if you are already considering setting up a natural gas incubator for your home or homestead, then Kudzu might be an ideal plant to grow. fresh young Kudzu leaves 2Tbl. Then cut up the root and feed it to the goats. While Kudzu does fix large amounts of nitrogen into the soil, it can actually be too much for some plant types. Read reviews from worldâs largest community for readers. In most cases, the effect of using Kudzu wore off within 24 hours. On the other hand, beekeepers claim something very different. You cut it lower than you would for alfalfa or other crops, leave it to dry out and then you can make bales out of it. At this stage, the pulp should be more water than cellulose. Kudzu can also be used to produce natural gas. If you are using honey for medicinal purposes, there is no research available on how purple honey differs from regular honey. Remove the leaves from the Kudzu vines and roll them into a coil. You can also use Kudzu to make compost[19]. Flavonoid-like substances in kudzu contribute to an increase in blood circulation and flow in the arteries of the heart and reduce the heartâs need for oxygen. BECAUSE I HAVE DEVELOPED A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE ABOUT THE PLANT, I WILL NEED TO OVERCOME THOSE THOUGHTS AND BEING TO VIEW THE PLAN MORE REALISTICALLY.. At the very least, you can pasture dairy goats wherever there’s kudzu. Just be sure that the plant material is thoroughly decayed before adding it to the garden. To use the starch, mix the flakes with water until they dissolve, then add the liquid to the ingredients to be thickened. By Katrina Blair. The most cost-effective treatment for kudzu on open level ground is either Tordon 101 or Tordon K applied using perpendicular spray passes. Let the Kudzu vine cool, and then place it in silver leaf or some other material that contains the Bacillus Subtilis bacteria. Usually, the first step involves breaking the raw material down into chunks and mixing with water. the Kudzu into a cash crop. You can use the stems and roots of the Kudzu plant for making paper as they contain the most cellulose. If you are in an area where Kudzu is growing unchecked, then you can simply harvest the vines and burn them within a few days to a week of cutting it from the roots. 101+ USES FOR KUDZU ⦠Today, more people are becoming interested in having small scale bee hives in their yards and on their homesteads. If you have even done a minimal amount of gardening, then you already know that corn tends to take up far more nutrients that beans and other legumes that fix nitrogen into the soil. Simply take some Kudzu vine, fold it in half, and then use the spindle to twist the vines together. In fact, âarrow rootâ is becoming one of the most popular flour replacements for people that have issues with gluten based foods. Using Kudzu to Make Land More Fertile. Fiber for weaving.